{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:40:24Z","timestamp":1779363624492,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UMO-2013\/09\/B\/HS6\/03071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2013\/09\/B\/HS6\/03071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UMO-2016\/21\/B\/HS6\/03213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/21\/B\/HS6\/03213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The naive social Darwinism, also called the Competitive Jungle Belief (CJB), according to the theory of the Dual-Process Motivational (DPM) model, is recognized as an expanded perceptual scheme acting as a cognitive mediator between deep individual characteristics and the area of socio-political attitudes and ideologies. This article aims to show the individual differences that can be dispositional characteristics to believe in the Competitive Jungle scheme\u2019s principles. The presented studies\u2019 main theoretical question is to find out whether the CJB bases on positive \"individual resources\" or rather some psychological deficits. In an extensive survey study, including four random-representative samples of adults Poles (with N ranging from 624 to 853 respondents), we tested the predictive power of the five categories of variables: 1) attachment styles; 2) Big Five personality traits; 3) Dark Triad of personality; 4) basic human values and 5) moral judgments. The results showed the psychological profile of social Darwinists as clearly dysfunctional in terms of personal life quality. They express characteristics like admiration for power and desire to dominate, pursue one\u2019s goals at all costs, exploitative attitude towards people, and hostility. On the other hand, they reveal a fearful style in close relations with others and have low self-esteem and low self-sufficiency. From the societal perspective, such beliefs make up a vision of social life that is unfavorable for building a cooperative, helpful, and relatively egalitarian society. The supreme idea that only those who do not sympathize with others and are ready to use them can be successful and survive is far from the principles of liberal democracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T17:41:47Z","timestamp":1628703707000},"page":"e0254434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Who are the \u2018social Darwinists\u2019? On dispositional determinants of perceiving the social world as competitive jungle"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1877-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piotr","family":"Radkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254434.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.5.1030","article-title":"Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.","volume":"85","author":"MJ Lerner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin."},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00117","article-title":"Social trust and value change: The decline of social capital in American youth, 1976\u20131999.","volume":"3","author":"W Rahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Political Psychology."},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref003","volume-title":"Social cognition: Perspective on everyday understanding","author":"JP Forgas","year":"1981"},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452204697","volume-title":"Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis","author":"D Bar-Tal","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref005","volume-title":"Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community","author":"RD Putnam","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref006","first-page":"229","article-title":"Identity, place and bystander intervention: Social categories and helping after natural disasters","volume":"144","author":"M Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0254434.ref007","article-title":"Disenchantment with democracy. 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