{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:20:11Z","timestamp":1788888011121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Indonesian children hospitalized with pneumonia and evaluate the association between vitamin D status and severity of pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2016 to July 2017 in two district hospitals in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Infants and young children aged 2\u201359 months hospitalized with pneumonia were recruited. Serum blood samples were collected on admission and analyzed for total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level of serum vitamin D &lt;50 nmol\/L. The association between vitamin D deficiency and severity of hospitalized pneumonia according to WHO criteria, including the presence of danger signs, hypoxemia (SpO2 in air below 90%), duration of hospitalization, and admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), was analyzed using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>133 children with WHO-defined pneumonia were enrolled in the study and 127 (96%) had their vitamin D status determined. The mean vitamin D concentration was 67 (\u00b1 24 SD) nmol\/L and 19% of participants were vitamin D deficient. Age younger than 6 months was associated with prolonged hospitalization (&gt; 5 days) and low birth weight and poor nutritional status on admission were risk factors for hypoxemia. However, vitamin D status was not associated with the presence of danger signs, duration of hospitalization, or hypoxemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>One in every five children hospitalized with pneumonia was vitamin D deficient. Vitamin D status was not associated with the severity of pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T18:11:20Z","timestamp":1625854280000},"page":"e0254488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and severity of pneumonia in Indonesian children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3556-3028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vicka","family":"Oktaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Triasih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Bines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yati","family":"Soenarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Lauda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Danchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254488.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230304","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles","volume":"323","author":"GD Hussey","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254488.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500070078033","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. 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