{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:49:28Z","timestamp":1790495368847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cambodia is widely credited for its successful HIV epidemic control. However, in recent years there have been signs of increasing HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). This paper reviews HIV epidemiological, social science and HIV program implementation studies conducted over the past 20 years to explore possible reasons for the rising HIV prevalence among these groups and to formulate recommendations for improved policies, HIV programmatic interventions and further research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For this scoping review, we searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for scientific publications related to HIV and MSM and TGW in Cambodia published since 1999. From each of the returned citations we subsequently studied reference lists to find additional data sources. We also searched websites for reports commissioned by national and international governmental and non-governmental organizations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty-seven relevant studies and papers were found and reviewed; most were epidemiological in nature. Recent epidemiological studies and reports show an increase in HIV prevalence among Cambodian MSM and TGW. The epidemiology of HIV infection in these groups has been relatively well-described and analyzed. While initially MSM and TGW were grouped together, in more recent years they have been studied in their own right, recognizing their specific HIV and other prevention needs. Few studies were found investigating Cambodian same-sex cultures and social and cultural contexts in which HIV transmission among MSM and TGW occurs. A few evaluation studies were found, but it remains unknown how effective current HIV service implementation modalities are, or how successful strategies to increase access to essential HIV prevention, testing and treatment services have been employed for MSM and TGW in Cambodia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Research about Cambodian MSM and TGW in the context of HIV primarily concerns bio-behavioral knowledge generation. Cambodia is unlikely to achieve control of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW without doing better in-depth social science research on its multiple sexual- and gender minority cultures, and without understanding what differentiated implementation modalities, strategies and approaches are most effective to address HIV among its increasingly diverse MSM and TGW populations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T17:42:31Z","timestamp":1626457351000},"page":"e0254490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A scoping review of HIV epidemiologic, sociocultural and programmatic studies related to transgender women and men who have sex with men in Cambodia, 1999-2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-8739","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan W.","family":"de Lind van Wijngaarden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frits","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ly Penh","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-1626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Wignall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254490.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318195c302","article-title":"The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted infections, and associated risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in the Mekong Subregion and China: implications for policy and programming","volume":"36","author":"JW de Lind van Wijngaarden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254490.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832c3bb3","article-title":"The global epidemic of HIV infection among men who have sex with men","volume":"4","author":"F van Griensven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0254490.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000390087.22565.b4","article-title":"A review of the epidemiology of HIV infection and prevention responses among MSM in Asia","volume":"24","author":"F van Griensven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"Supplement A","key":"pone.0254490.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.3.5.64.35522","article-title":"Current HIV\/AIDS\/STI epidemic: intervention programs in Cambodia, 1993\u20132003","volume":"16","author":"V Saphonn","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254490.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.1.1","article-title":"HIV epidemic in Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia: a success story","volume":"4","author":"M Charles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254490.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000175384.44106.be","article-title":"High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among indirect sex workers in Cambodia","volume":"32","author":"AA Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"9110","key":"pone.0254490.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)24016-5","article-title":"Explosive spread of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted diseases in Cambodia","volume":"351","author":"CA Ryan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254490.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18905","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18905","article-title":"Achieving universal access and moving towards elimination of new HIV infections in Cambodia","volume":"17","author":"MC Vun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pone.0254490.ref009","unstructured":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Dermatology and STD, FHI360. 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