{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1772211489447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"department for the economy, global challenge research council","award":["R3138CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R3138CPH"]}]},{"name":"department for the economy, global challenge research council","award":["R3138CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R3138CPH"]}]},{"name":"department for the economy, global challenge research council","award":["R3138CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R3138CPH"]}]},{"name":"department for the economy, global challenge research council","award":["R3138CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R3138CPH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to understand the key factors influencing guardians\u2019 decisions when purchasing spectacles for their children in semi-urban and urban areas of Cross River State, Nigeria, where a spectacle cross-subsidisation scheme will be implemented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among all consecutive guardians visiting the Calabar (urban), Ugep, Ikom and Ogoja (semi-urban) public eye clinics in Cross River State, southern Nigeria, from August 1 to October 31 2019, and whose children had significant refractive errors (myopia \u2264-0.50D, hyperopia \u22651.50D, astigmatism &gt;0.75D) and received spectacles. Guardians were interviewed using a questionnaire which included i) close-ended questions on reasons guardians choose to purchase spectacles for their children in eye clinics, ii) guardians\u2019 perceptions of the quality and design of children\u2019s current spectacle, iii) factors most heavily influencing their choice of spectacles for children, and iv) open-ended questions to seek guardians\u2019 suggestions on how to improve the current spectacle range.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 137 eligible guardians (67.2% women [n = 92]) who visited the selected eye clinics participated in the study (response rate = 100%), with 109 (79.6%) from semi-urban and 28 (20.4%) attending urban clinics. Guardians from both urban and semi-urban clinics prioritised frame design, quality, and material as the main factors affecting their decision when purchasing spectacles for their children. Female guardians and those with higher incomes were both 1.5 times more likely to emphasise frame quality when describing selection criteria for purchasing spectacles for their children than male guardians (p = 0.01) or guardians earning less (p = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Design, material, and frame quality are key factors influencing guardians when purchasing spectacles for their children in these setting and female guardians or those with higher income prioritise frame quality. This study could guide the planning and implementation of a novel cross-subsidisation scheme in Cross River State.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T13:28:54Z","timestamp":1626096534000},"page":"e0254517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors affecting guardians\u2019 decision making on clinic-based purchase of children\u2019s spectacles in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-7953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ving Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai Chee","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-7305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lynne","family":"Lohfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Effiom","family":"Ebri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"63","key":"pone.0254517.ref001","first-page":"37","article-title":"Uncorrected refractive error: the major and most easily avoidable cause of vision loss","volume":"20","author":"BA Holden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Eye Heal J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254517.ref002","first-page":"e144","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"2021","author":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254517.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229108","article-title":"Disability-related-distress in primary school learners with vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive error in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa\u2013a qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"V Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0254517.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30329-2","article-title":"Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"PA Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pone.0254517.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5740","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5740","article-title":"Effect of providing free glasses on children\u2019s educational outcomes in China: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"349","author":"X Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254517.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254517.ref007","first-page":"71","article-title":"Barriers to uptake of prescribed refractive spectacles amongst Nigerian students","volume":"1","author":"O. 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