{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:29:46Z","timestamp":1784165386508,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005809","name":"Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spot-the-difference, the popular childhood game and a prototypical change blindness task, involves identification of differences in local features of two otherwise identical scenes using an eye scanning and matching strategy. Through binocular fusion of the companion scenes, the game becomes a visual search task, wherein players can simply scan the cyclopean percept for local features that may distinctly stand-out due to binocular rivalry\/lustre. Here, we had a total of 100 visually normal adult (18\u201328 years of age) volunteers play this game in the traditional non-fusion mode and after cross-fusion of the companion images using a hand-held mirror stereoscope. The results demonstrate that the fusion mode significantly speeds up gameplay and reduces errors, relative to the non-fusion mode, for a range of target sizes, contrasts, and chromaticity tested (all, p&lt;0.001). Amongst the three types of local feature differences available in these images (polarity difference, presence\/absence of a local feature difference and shape difference in a local feature difference), features containing polarity difference was identified as first in ~60\u201370% of instances in both modes of gameplay (p&lt;0.01), with this proportion being larger in the fusion than in the non-fusion mode. The binocular fusion advantage is lost when the lustre cue is purposefully weakened through alterations in target luminance polarity. The spot-the-difference game may thus be cheated using binocular fusion and the differences readily identified through a vivid experience of binocular rivalry\/lustre.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T17:53:04Z","timestamp":1626803584000},"page":"e0254715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Binocular fusion enhances the efficiency of spot-the-difference gameplay"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Venkataramanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swanandi","family":"Gawde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amithavikram R.","family":"Hathibelagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-015X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shrikant R.","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0254715.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135125","article-title":"Change detection","volume":"53","author":"RA Rensink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254715.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.11.006","article-title":"Change blindness: past, present, and future","volume":"9","author":"DJ Simons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254715.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.10.009","article-title":"Binocular vision.","volume":"51","author":"R Blake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref004","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Seeing in Depth. 1.","author":"IP Howard","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091718-015048","article-title":"Visual Search: How Do We Find What We Are Looking For?","volume":"6","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254715.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-011-0100-3","article-title":"A search asymmetry for interocular conflict","volume":"73","author":"CL Paffen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254715.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207480","article-title":"Binocularity and visual search","volume":"44","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254715.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1247-8","article-title":"Binocularity and visual search-Revisited","volume":"79","author":"B Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254715.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0886-4","article-title":"Shuffling your way out of change blindness","volume":"23","author":"E Josephs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254715.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800004971","article-title":"Spatial zones of binocular rivalry in central and peripheral vision","volume":"8","author":"R Blake","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254715.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90203-U","article-title":"Failure of rivalry at low contrast: evidence of a suprathreshold binocular summation process","volume":"32","author":"L Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0254715.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90217-0","article-title":"Minimum light intensity required for color rivalry","volume":"21","author":"K. Sagawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0254715.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00131-0","article-title":"Monocular lustre from flicker","volume":"40","author":"SM Anstis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.08.006","article-title":"The role of contrast polarities in binocular luster: Low-level and high-level processes","volume":"176","author":"G Wendt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1930.9918218","article-title":"Ocular dominance in human adults","volume":"3","author":"WR Miles","year":"1930","journal-title":"Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref016","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Seeing in Depth. 1","author":"IP Howard","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref017","first-page":"863","article-title":"reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens D. Calculating","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254715.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(97)00003-7","article-title":"Time to detect the difference between two images presented side by side","volume":"5","author":"N Brunel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00151","article-title":"A Comparison of Change Blindness in Real-World and On-Screen Viewing of Museum Artefacts","volume":"9","author":"JE Attwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254715.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1068\/p5079","article-title":"The relationship between change detection and recognition of centrally attended objects in motion pictures","volume":"32","author":"BL Angelone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254715.ref021","article-title":"Eye Movements in Medical Image Perception: A Selective Review of Past, Present and Future","volume":"3","author":"CC Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)."},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0254715.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-19.2019","article-title":"Humans Perceive Binocular Rivalry and Fusion in a Tristable Dynamic State","volume":"39","author":"G Riesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref023","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Seeing: The Computational Approach to Biological Vision","author":"JP Frisby","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.08.001","article-title":"Contrast and lustre: A model that accounts for eleven different forms of contrast discrimination in binocular vision","volume":"129","author":"MA Georgeson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254715.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90017-3","article-title":"The ON and OFF channels of the visual system","volume":"15","author":"PH Schiller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254715.ref026","first-page":"2041669519846133","article-title":"Differences in Stereoscopic Luster Evoked by Static and Dynamic Stimuli","volume":"10","author":"G Wendt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iperception"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254715.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3111.2012","article-title":"Assessing the severity of color vision loss with implications for aviation and other occupational environments","volume":"83","author":"M Rodriguez-Carmona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119975595.ch3","volume-title":"Measuring Colour","author":"RWG Hunt","year":"2011","edition":"4"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254715.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.01.015","article-title":"Colour-luminance interactions in binocular summation","volume":"47","author":"JM Medina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254715.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7325","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.007325","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of binocular color fusion limit for non-spectral colors","volume":"19","author":"YJ Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref031","unstructured":"Xiong Q, Liu H, Chen Z, editors. A quantitative measurement of binocular fusion limit under opposite color. International Conference on Display Technology; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101270-3.00003-5","volume-title":"Colour Design\u2014Theories and Applications.","author":"M Rodriguez-Carmona","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254715.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The Psychophysics Toolbox","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0254715.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.05.001","article-title":"The psychophysics of detecting binocular discrepancies of luminance","volume":"49","author":"MA Formankiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0254715.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/19.14.18","article-title":"Interocular difference thresholds are mediated by binocular differencing, not summing, channels","volume":"19","author":"FAA Kingdom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254715.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1018","article-title":"Variation of binocular-vertical fusion amplitude with convergence","volume":"48","author":"SR Bharadwaj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref037","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Vergence Eye Movements: Basic and Clinical Aspects","author":"AE Kertesz","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254715.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.69.000316","article-title":"Binocular color fusion limit","volume":"69","author":"M Ikeda","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254715.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90030-X","article-title":"Dichoptic color fusion studied with wavelength discrimination","volume":"22","author":"K. Sagawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254715.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1068\/p7198","article-title":"A comparison of self-reported and measured autostereogram skills with clinical indicators of vergence and accommodative function","volume":"41","author":"P Cisarik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254715.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00763.x","article-title":"Short exposure to telestereoscope affects the oculomotor system","volume":"30","author":"P Neveu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254715.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E788","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181ae00a5","article-title":"Neuromuscular plasticity and rehabilitation of the ocular near response","volume":"86","author":"CM Schor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.02.009","article-title":"Amblyopia and the binocular approach to its therapy","volume":"114","author":"RF Hess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E016","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000232","article-title":"Cortical correlates of amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"L Kiorpes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254715.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.354","article-title":"Deficits in perception of images of real-world scenes in patients with a history of amblyopia","volume":"129","author":"G Mirabella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254715.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2017.05.001","article-title":"See no evil: Cognitive challenges of security surveillance and monitoring","volume":"6","author":"HM Hodgetts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of applied research in memory and cognition"},{"key":"pone.0254715.ref047","article-title":"The invisible breast cancer: Experience does not protect against inattentional blindness to clinically relevant findings in radiology","author":"L Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254715.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224","article-title":"Binocular iPad Game vs Patching for Treatment of Amblyopia in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"134","author":"KR Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254715.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.024","article-title":"Binocular Treatment of Amblyopia: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"127","author":"SL Pineles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254715","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T22:05:09Z","timestamp":1626818709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254715"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Maiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254715","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}