{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:41:01Z","timestamp":1782884461222,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parental reflective functioning (PRF) refers to the parent\u2019s capacity to envision mental states in the infant and in themselves as a parent, and to link such underlying mental process with behavior, which is important for parenting sensitivity and child socio-emotional development. Current findings have linked maternal postpartum depression to impaired reflective skills, imposing a risk on the developing mother\u2013infant relationship, but findings are mixed, and studies have generally used extensive methods for investigating PRF. The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Danish version of the 18-item self-report Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) in a sample of mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Moreover, the association between PRF and maternal postpartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid symptoms of personality disorder and\/or clinical levels of psychological distress was investigated. Participants included 423 mothers of infants aged 1\u201311 months. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure of the PRFQ; however, item loadings suggested that a 15-item version was a more accurate measure of PRF in mothers of infants. Multi-group factor analysis of the 15-item PRFQ infant version indicated measurement invariance among mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Multinomial logistic regression showed that impaired PRF was associated with maternal psychopathology, although only for mothers with postpartum depression combined with other symptoms of psychopathology. These results provide new evidence for the assessment of maternal self-reported reflective skills as measured by a modified infant version of the PRFQ, as well as a more nuanced understanding of how variance in symptomatology is associated with impaired PRF in mothers in the postpartum period in differing ways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T17:25:36Z","timestamp":1627925136000},"page":"e0254792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Factor structure of the parental reflective functioning questionnaire and association with maternal postpartum depression and comorbid symptoms of psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8079-1775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrine I.","family":"Wendelboe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanne","family":"Smith-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Skovgaard V\u00e6ver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500245906","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning: An introduction","volume":"7","author":"A. Slade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500245963","article-title":"Maternal reflective functioning, mother-infant affective communication, and infant attachment: Exploring the link between mental states and observed caregiving behavior in the intergenerational transmission of attachment.","volume":"7","author":"JF Grienenberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0254792.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000371","article-title":"Reflective functioning, physiological reactivity, and overcontrol in mothers: Links with school-aged children\u2019s reflective functioning","volume":"53","author":"JL Borelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12074","article-title":"Mentalization in children and mothers in the context of trauma: An initial study of the validity of the child reflective functioning scale","volume":"33","author":"K Ensink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.051","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning as a moderator of child internalizing difficulties in the context of child sexual abuse.","volume":"257","author":"K Ensink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00457.x","article-title":"The parent\u2019s capacity to treat the child as a psychological agent: Constructs, measures and implications for developmental psychopathology.","volume":"17","author":"C Sharp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2011.00087.x","article-title":"Mind\u2010mindedness as a multidimensional construct: Appropriate and nonattuned mind\u2010related comments independently predict infant\u2013mother attachment in a socially diverse sample.","volume":"17","author":"E Meins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500245963","article-title":"Maternal reflective functioning, mother\u2013infant affective communication, and infant attachment: Exploring the link between mental states and observed caregiving behavior in the intergenerational transmission of attachment","volume":"7","author":"K Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2015.04.005","article-title":"Investigating the association between parental reflective functioning and distress tolerance in motherhood","volume":"40","author":"HJ Rutherford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355","article-title":"The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions","volume":"16","author":"P Luyten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.06.007","article-title":"Maternal reflective functioning as a multidimensional construct: Differential associations with children\u2019s temperament and externalizing behavior","volume":"44","author":"HJA Smaling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000141","article-title":"Reflective functioning in parents of school-aged children","volume":"86","author":"JL Borelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.2016.1277901","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning: Theory, research, and clinical applications","volume":"70","author":"P Luyten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoanaly Study Child"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254792.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0388-7","article-title":"The association between reflective functioning and parent\u2013child relationship quality","volume":"25","author":"WL Rostad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254792.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2014.935452","article-title":"Maternal reflective functioning among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories: Links to sensitive parenting and infant attachment security","volume":"16","author":"AM Stacks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2018.02.001","article-title":"Effects of maternal mentalization-related parenting on toddlers\u2019 self-regulation","volume":"44","author":"N Senehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.12.003","article-title":"Reflective functioning: A review","volume":"34","author":"H. Katznelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00014","article-title":"Mentalizing makes parenting work: A review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it","volume":"8","author":"A. Camoirano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref019","volume-title":"Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews","author":"P Fonagy","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref020","article-title":"The parent development interview","author":"J Aber","year":"1985","journal-title":"Unpublished manuscript"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref021","volume-title":"Working model of the child interview (wmci)","author":"C Zeanah","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref022","volume-title":"The parental reflective functioning questionnaire-1 (prfq-1)","author":"P Luyten","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254792.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176218","article-title":"The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation","volume":"12","author":"P Luyten","year":"2017a","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref024","article-title":"A preliminary study of psychometric properties of the parental reflective functioning questionnaire (prfq) on an iranian sample","volume":"11","author":"W Mousawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0856-8","article-title":"The parental reflective functioning questionnaire in mothers and fathers of school-aged children","volume":"27","author":"C Pazzagli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11561","DOI":"10.2196\/11561","article-title":"Advancing optimal development in children: Examining the construct validity of a parent reflective functioning questionnaire","volume":"2","author":"M De Roo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr Parent"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254792.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1029-0","article-title":"Parental attachment dimensions and parenting stress: The mediating role of parental reflective functioning","volume":"27","author":"L Nijssens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Fam Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254792.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2019.1582596","article-title":"In a father\u2019s mind: Paternal reflective functioning, sensitive parenting, and protection against socioeconomic risk","volume":"21","author":"KV Buttitta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-01326-z","article-title":"Associations between emotion regulation and parental reflective functioning","volume":"28","author":"AM Schultheis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0928-9","article-title":"Executive functioning predicts reflective functioning in mothers","volume":"27","author":"HJ Rutherford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00263","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning in mothers and fathers of children with adhd: Issues regarding assessment and implications for intervention","volume":"7","author":"C Mazzeschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"DL Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"1\u20102","key":"pone.0254792.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00326.x","article-title":"Long\u2010term social functioning after depression treated by psychiatrists: A review","volume":"9","author":"N Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0405","article-title":"Social functioning in depression: A review","volume":"61","author":"R Hirschfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.12.010","article-title":"Higher-order social cognition in first-episode major depression","volume":"216","author":"N Ladegaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182845c0a","article-title":"Mentalizing in female inpatients with major depressive disorder","volume":"201","author":"M Fischer-Kern","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000055","article-title":"Reflective functioning as predictor of working alliance and outcome in the treatment of depression","volume":"84","author":"A Ekeblad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cons Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.008","article-title":"The stress\u2013reward\u2013mentalizing model of depression: An integrative developmental cascade approach to child and adolescent depressive disorder based on the research domain criteria (rdoc) approach","volume":"64","author":"P Luyten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref039","volume-title":"Handbook of mentalizing in mental health research","author":"P Luyten","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"S Shorey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254792.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20644","article-title":"Postpartum depression: What we know","volume":"65","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254792.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2018.1430839","article-title":"Association between maternal depression and maternal sensitivity from birth to 12 months: A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"K Bernard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254792.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082675","article-title":"The effect of maternal depression on infant attachment: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"A \u015aliwerski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref044","article-title":"Maternal depression and infant attachment security: A meta\u2010analysis","author":"J Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.10.005","article-title":"Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: A review","volume":"33","author":"T. Field","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Behavr Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118509722.ch9","article-title":"Postnatal depression, mother\u2013infant interactions, and child development","author":"L Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Identifying perinatal depression and anxiety: Evidence-based practice in screening, psychosocial assessment, and management"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254792.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-1000-5","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning affects sensitivity to distress in mothers with postpartum depression","volume":"27","author":"S Krink","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2020.101486","article-title":"Does postpartum depression affect parental embodied mentalizing in mothers with 4-months old infants?","volume":"61","author":"S Garset-Zamani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(03)00017-1","article-title":"Father- and mother-infant face-to-face interactions: Differences in mind-related comments and infant attachment?","volume":"26","author":"BL Lundy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2018.02.006","article-title":"Longitudinal relations among maternal depressive symptoms, maternal mind-mindedness, and infant attachment behavior","volume":"51","author":"AE Bigelow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20184","article-title":"Reflection in thought and action: Maternal parenting reflectivity predicts mind\u2010minded comments and interactive behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal","volume":"29","author":"KL Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Official Pub World Assoc Infant Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2010.00039.x","article-title":"Mother\u2010versus infant\u2010centered correlates of maternal mind\u2010mindedness in the first year of life","volume":"16","author":"E Meins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12195","article-title":"Mentalization and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults","volume":"22","author":"M Belvederi Murri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child and Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0402-2","article-title":"Is postpartum depression a homogenous disorder: Time of onset, severity, symptoms and hopelessness in relation to the course of depression","volume":"14","author":"P Kettunen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.06.002","article-title":"Postpartum depression and infant-mother attachment security at one year: The impact of co-morbid maternal personality disorders","volume":"44","author":"J Smith-Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-12","article-title":"Anxiety and stress in the postpartum: Is there more to postnatal distress than depression?","volume":"6","author":"RL Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2012.26.3.357","article-title":"What lies behind postnatal depression: Is it only a mood disorder?","volume":"26","author":"G Apter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.03.005","article-title":"Postpartum-onset major depression is associated with personality disorders.","volume":"48","author":"C Akman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254792.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2013.07.017","article-title":"The link between personality disorder and parenting behaviors: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"S Laulik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254792.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2017_31_275","article-title":"A mother\u2019s borderline personality disorder and her sensitivity, autonomy support, hostility, fearful\/disoriented behavior, and role reversal with her young child","volume":"31","author":"J Macfie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/15379418.2011.620928","article-title":"Parental personality disorder and its effects on children: A review of current literature","volume":"8","author":"DG Dutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Custody"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.05.016","article-title":"Is reflective functioning associated with clinical symptoms and long-term course in patients with personality disorders?","volume":"64","author":"BT Antonsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000356","article-title":"Mentalization and criterion a of the alternative model for personality disorders: Results from a clinical and nonclinical sample.","volume":"11","author":"M Zettl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Disords: Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09638230601182045","article-title":"Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder","volume":"16","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1362","article-title":"How do mothers with borderline personality disorder mentalize when interacting with their infants?","volume":"11","author":"AA Marcoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Ment health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21426","article-title":"When i look into my baby\u2019s eyes\u2026 Infant emotion recognition by mothers with borderline personality disorder","volume":"35","author":"RL Elliot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/pap0000135","article-title":"Reflective functioning in postpartum depressed women with and without comorbid personality disorder","volume":"34","author":"K Cordes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoanal Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref068","author":"HM Van Praag","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00399.x","article-title":"The scl\u201090 and scl\u201090r versions validated by item response models in a danish community sample","volume":"110","author":"LR Olsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psych Scand"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.037","article-title":"Validation of the mgmq in screening for emotional difficulties in women during pregnancy","volume":"256","author":"S Matthey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref071","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scl-90-r: Administration, scoring & procedures manual-ii for the (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Psychometr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0254792.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05371.x","article-title":"Maternal distress: A concept analysis","volume":"66","author":"E Emmanuel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0034-4","article-title":"Antenatal screening and early intervention for \u201cperinatal\u201d distress, depression and anxiety: Where to from here?","volume":"7","author":"M-P Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Women\u2019s Ment Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254792.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0291-4","article-title":"Prenatal and postpartum maternal psychological distress and infant development: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"D Kingston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psych Hum Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref075","article-title":"Association between prenatal and postnatal psychological distress and toddler cognitive development: A systematic review","author":"D Kingston","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254792.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22673","article-title":"Improvements in mentalization predict improvements in interpersonal distress in patients with mental disorders","volume":"74","author":"MC Hayden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1245","article-title":"Reflective function as a mediator between childhood adversity, personality disorder and symptom distress","volume":"8","author":"M Chiesa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Per Ment health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-016-0166-8","article-title":"Copenhagen infant mental health project: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing circle of security\u2013parenting and care as usual as interventions targeting infant mental health risks","volume":"4","author":"MS V\u00e6ver","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (epds)","volume":"150","author":"J Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref080","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for dsm-5\u2014research version (scid-5-rv)","author":"M First","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1965-7","article-title":"Validation of the edinburgh postnatal depression scale against both dsm-5 and icd-10 diagnostic criteria for depression","volume":"18","author":"J Smith-Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.3.228","article-title":"Standardised assessment of personality\u2013abbreviated scale (sapas): Preliminary validation of a brief screen for personality disorder","volume":"183","author":"P Moran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-10","article-title":"Screening for personality disorder with the standardised assessment of personality: Abbreviated scale (sapas): Further evidence of concurrent validity","volume":"10","author":"M Hesse","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref084","article-title":"Scl-90-r: Administration, scoring and procedures","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Manual II for the R (evised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scale Series"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254792.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00743.x","article-title":"Mental distress in the danish general population","volume":"113","author":"LR Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psych Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref086","first-page":"157","article-title":"Use of structural equation modeling in human development research","volume":"13","author":"DT Shek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dis Hum Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref087","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2015","edition":"2"},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0254792.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","article-title":"Applied psychometrics: Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (efa, cfa) and sem in general","volume":"9","author":"TA Kyriazos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111399037","article-title":"The structure of cognitive abilities in youths with manic symptoms: A factorial invariance study","volume":"19","author":"AA Beaujean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20342","article-title":"Substance\u2010abusing mothers in residential treatment with their babies: Importance of pre\u2010and postnatal maternal reflective functioning","volume":"33","author":"M Pajulo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1988.10475530","article-title":"Maximum z scores and outliers","volume":"42","author":"RE Shiffler","year":"1988","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref093","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling:","author":"RB Kline","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006","article-title":"Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature","volume":"26","author":"E Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref095","author":"A Bateman","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications","volume":"78","author":"JM Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref097","volume-title":"The handbook of psychological testing:","author":"P. Kline","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref098","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref099","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression:","author":"AT Beck","year":"1979"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000013","article-title":"The course of postpartum depression: A review of longitudinal studies","volume":"22","author":"N Vliegen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Rev Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0402-2","article-title":"Is postpartum depression a homogenous disorder: Time of onset, severity, symptoms and hopelessness in relation to the course of depression","volume":"14","author":"P Kettunen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004564","article-title":"Postpartum depression and child development","volume":"27","author":"L Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr047","article-title":"Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: A review of evidence from low-and middle-income countries","volume":"101","author":"CE Parsons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.1.90","article-title":"Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning","volume":"63","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.1.87","article-title":"Subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in postpartum women","volume":"71","author":"MK Weinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2013.06.008","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning is associated with tolerance of infant distress but not general distress: Evidence for a specific relationship using a simulated baby paradigm","volume":"36","author":"HJ Rutherford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050112","article-title":"The meaning and significance of caseness: The hopkins symptom checklist-25 and the composite international diagnostic interview ii","volume":"34","author":"I Sandanger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254792.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003","article-title":"The composite international diagnostic interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures","volume":"45","author":"LN Robins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1362","article-title":"How do mothers with borderline personality disorder mentalize when interacting with their infants?","volume":"11","author":"AA Marcoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254792.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000177","article-title":"Proof of concept of a mind-mindedness intervention for mothers hospitalized for severe mental illness","volume":"29","author":"R Schacht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000110","article-title":"Attachment and social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Specificity in relation to antisocial and avoidant personality disorders","volume":"6","author":"JE Beeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers Disord: Theory Res Treat"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref112","article-title":"Avoidant personality disorder: Current insights","author":"L Lampe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254792.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500245906","article-title":"Parental reflective functioning: An introduction","volume":"7","author":"A. Slade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21844","article-title":"Triadic interactions, parental reflective functioning, and early social\u2010emotional difficulties","volume":"41","author":"MJ Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parent relationship satisfaction and reflective functioning as predictors of emotional availability and infant behavior","author":"SJ Salo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254792.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12233","article-title":"Maternal mentalization and behavior under stressful contexts: The moderating roles of prematurity and household chaos","volume":"23","author":"T Yatziv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00449","article-title":"Manifestation of trauma: The effect of early traumatic experiences and adult attachment on parental reflective functioning.","volume":"8","author":"P San Cristobal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254792.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-006-0001-5","article-title":"Understanding and improving the validity of self-report of parenting","volume":"9","author":"SK Morsbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0254792.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.574719","article-title":"Convergent validity of three measures of reflective function: Parent development interview, parental reflective function questionnaire, and reflective function questionnaire.","volume":"11","author":"L Anis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T17:16:05Z","timestamp":1725556565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254792"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Svenja","family":"Taubner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254792","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]}}}