{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:41:17Z","timestamp":1770338477661,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008904","name":"Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari di Venezia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1832486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1832486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rano Raraku, the crater lake constrained by basaltic tuff that served as the primary quarry used to construct the<jats:italic>moai<\/jats:italic>statues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has experienced fluctuations in lake level over the past centuries. As one of the only freshwater sources on the island, understanding the present and past geochemical characteristics of the lake water is critical to understand if the lake could have been a viable freshwater source for Rapa Nui. At the time of sampling in September 2017, the maximum lake depth was ~1 m. The lake level has substantially declined in the subsequent years, with the lake drying almost completely in January 2018. The lake is currently characterized by highly anoxic conditions, with a predominance of ammonium ions on nitrates, a high concentration of organic carbon in the water-sediment interface and reducing conditions of the lake, as evidenced by Mn\/Fe and Cr\/V ratios. Our estimates of past salinity inferred from the chloride mass balance indicates that it was unlikely that Rano Raraku provided a viable freshwater source for early Rapa Nui people. The installation of an outlet pipe around 1950 that was active until the late 1970s, as well as grazing of horses on the lake margins appear to have significantly impacted the geochemical conditions of Rano Raraku sediments and lake water in recent decades. Such impacts are distinct from natural environmental changes and highlight the need to consider the sensitivity of the lake geochemistry to human activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T18:30:40Z","timestamp":1634149840000},"page":"e0254793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7227-405X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E.","family":"Argiriadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bortolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Kehrwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1289-8236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-2901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C.","family":"Turetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-6236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E. O.","family":"Erhenhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M. Ramirez","family":"Aliaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. B.","family":"McWethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Myrbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pauchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Barbante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Battistel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.2011.586273","article-title":"Say it with stone: constructing with stones on Easter Island","volume":"43","author":"S. Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Archaeology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref002","first-page":"339","article-title":"The stone statues and quarries of Rano Raraku","volume":"1","author":"A. Skj\u00f8lsvold","year":"1961","journal-title":"Archaeology of Easter Island. Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254793.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008012720960","article-title":"The end of moai quarrying and its effect on Lake Rano Raraku, Easter Island.","volume":"20","author":"H. J. Dumont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Paleolimnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2007.09.027","article-title":"The last glacial maximum climatic conditions on Easter Island","volume":"184","author":"G. Azizi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2007.10.009","article-title":"Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island).","volume":"69","author":"D. Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quaternary Research"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref006","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez, A., Giralt, S., Valero-Garc\u00e9s, B. L., Moreno, A., Bao, R., Pueyo, J. J., et al. (2009, April). Glacial to Holocene climate changes in Easter Island (SE Pacific, 27. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (p. 1445)."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0254793.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.003","article-title":"Paleoecology of Easter Island: evidence and uncertainties","volume":"99","author":"V. Rull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.12.013","article-title":"Macrofossils in Raraku Lake (Easter Island) integrated with sedimentary and geochemical records: towards a palaeoecological synthesis for the last 34,000 years","volume":"34","author":"N. Ca\u00f1ellas-Bolt\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.04.004","article-title":"Vegetation changes and human settlement of Easter Island during the last millennia: a multiproxy study of the Lake Raraku sediments","volume":"72","author":"N. Ca\u00f1ellas-Bolt\u00e0","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2016.01.019","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics at Raraku Lake catchment (Easter Island) during the past 34,000 years.","volume":"446","author":"N. Ca\u00f1ellas-Bolt\u00e0","year":"2016","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254793.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10933-012-9643-0","article-title":"Fossil plant remains at Rano Raraku, Easter Island\u2019s statue quarry: evidence for past elevated lake level and ancient Polynesian agriculture","volume":"48","author":"M. Horrocks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Paleolimnology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2019.104994","article-title":"New excavations in Easter Island\u2019s statue quarry: Soil fertility, site formation and chronology","volume":"111","author":"S. C. Sherwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref013","volume-title":"The Enigmas of Easter Island","author":"J. Flenley","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref014","volume-title":"Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed","author":"J. Diamond","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref015","volume-title":"Climate, environment, and society in the Pacific during the last Millennium","author":"P. D. Nunn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"349","key":"pone.0254793.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2015.189","article-title":"Weapons of war? Rapa Nui mata\u2019a morphometric analyses","volume":"90","author":"C. P. Lipo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2016.00044","article-title":"The EIRA database: Glacial to Holocene radiocarbon ages from Easter Island\u2019s sedimentary records","volume":"4","author":"V. Rull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00032","article-title":"CLAFS, a Holistic climatic-ecological-anthropogenic hypothesis on Easter Island\u2019s deforestation and cultural change: Proposals and testing prospects","volume":"6","author":"V. Rull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"pone.0254793.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1130\/B26470.1","article-title":"Easter Island, SE Pacific: An end-member type of hotspot volcanism","volume":"121","author":"L. Vezzoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3390060202","article-title":"The Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic history of Easter Island","volume":"6","author":"J. R. Flenley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Quaternary Science"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref021","first-page":"27","article-title":"The palaeoecology of Easter Island, and its ecological disaster","author":"J. R. Flenley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Easter Island studies: Contributions to the history of Rapanui in memory of William T. Mulloy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref022","first-page":"135","article-title":"Further evidence of vegetational change on Easter Island","volume":"16","author":"J. R. Flenley","year":"1996","journal-title":"South Pacific Study"},{"issue":"5946","key":"pone.0254793.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/307047a0","article-title":"Late quaternary pollen records from Easter Island","volume":"307","author":"J. R. Flenley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254793.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00678022","article-title":"Interpretation of Holocene lake-level change from diatom assemblages in Lake Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas, Morocco.","volume":"12","author":"P. A. Barker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Paleolimnology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.004","article-title":"Tracking the hydro-climatic signal from lake to sediment: A field study from central Turkey","volume":"529","author":"J. R. Dean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47670-3_13","volume-title":"Tracking environmental change using lake sediments","author":"E. Ito","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref027","author":"M. Magny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Holocene fluctuations of lake levels in west-central Europe: methods of reconstruction, regional pattern, palaeoclimatic significance and forcing factors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254793.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00449-1","article-title":"Solid solution partitioning of Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ to calcite","volume":"60","author":"A. J. Tesoriero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254793.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.10.040","article-title":"The impact of salinity on the Mg\/Ca and Sr\/Ca ratio in the benthic foraminifera Ammonia tepida: Results from culture experiments","volume":"74","author":"D. Dissard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1152-3_9","volume-title":"Lakes","author":"K. Kelts","year":"1978"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"pone.0254793.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2003.06.012","article-title":"Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope data from lake sediment archives","volume":"23","author":"M. J. Leng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2013.06.006","article-title":"Tracing bottom water oxygenation with sedimentary Mn\/Fe ratios in Lake Zurich","volume":"352","author":"S. Naeher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Switzerland. Chemical Geology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254793.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522363","article-title":"Sedimentary profiles of Fe, Mn, V, Cr, As and Mo as indicators of benthic redox conditions in Baldeggersee","volume":"59","author":"T. Schaller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquatic sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(93)90029-7","article-title":"Iron and manganese in lakes","volume":"34","author":"W. Davison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref035","first-page":"61","article-title":"Precipitation and dissolution of iron and manganese oxides","volume":"1","author":"S. T. Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environmental Catalysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90273-1","article-title":"Vanadyl in natural waters: Adsorption and hydrolysis promote oxygenation","volume":"53","author":"B. Wehrli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3013","article-title":"Anthropogenic impact in the Maya Lowlands of Pet\u00e9n, Guatemala, during the last 5500 years","volume":"33","author":"D. Battistel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Quaternary Science"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref038","article-title":"Rare earth elements: their importance in understanding soil genesis","author":"M. T. Aide","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"pone.0254793.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(97)00069-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the application of rare-earth elements to paleoceanography.","volume":"132","author":"W. T. Holser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.12.012","article-title":"Rare earth element geochemistry of laminated diatom mats from tropical West Pacific: Evidence for more reducing bottomwaters and higher primary productivity during the Last Glacial Maximum","volume":"296","author":"Z. Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Geology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00877263","article-title":"The temperature stratification and related characteristics of Chilean lakes in midsummer","volume":"54","author":"W. Geller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aquatic Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254793.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-008-0316-z","article-title":"Conceptual hydrogeological model of volcanic Easter Island (Chile) after chemical and isotopic surveys","volume":"16","author":"C. Herrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrogeology Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00385783","article-title":"Petrology and geochemistry of Easter Island","volume":"44","author":"P. E. Baker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref044","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Ferran, O., & Baker, P. E. (1974). Isla de Pascua. Field guide book, including the first easter island geological map 1: 50.000. In IAVCEI International Symposium, Santiago, Chile (Vol. 32)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254793.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2010\/0022-2057","article-title":"The volcanic rocks of Easter Island (Chile) and their use for the Moai sculptures","volume":"22","author":"A. Gioncada","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Mineralogy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254793.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1306\/74D71807-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D","article-title":"A square-rod piston sampler for lake sediments","volume":"37","author":"H. E. Wright","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.02.050174.000533","article-title":"The physical chemistry of seawater","volume":"2","author":"F. J. Millero","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref048","author":"H. Craig","year":"1965","journal-title":"Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref049","first-page":"113","article-title":"Environmental isotopes in lake studies","volume":"2","author":"R. Gonfiantini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0254793.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90096-5","article-title":"Liquid-vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water from the freezing to the critical temperature","volume":"58","author":"J. Horita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.24.1.225","article-title":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the hydrologic cycle","volume":"24","author":"J. R. Gat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB002997","article-title":"Global prediction of \u03b4A and \u03b42H\u2010\u03b418O evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality","volume":"22","author":"J. J. Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global biogeochemical cycles"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2017.00069","article-title":"Rain, sun, soil, and sweat: A consideration of population limits on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) before European contact","volume":"5","author":"C. O. Puleston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-16202012000100020","article-title":"Relationship between chloride concentration and electrical conductivity in groundwater and its estimation from vertical electrical soundings (VESs) in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico","volume":"39","author":"H. Peinado-Guevara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ciencia e investigaci\u00f3n agraria"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254793.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-801-2010","article-title":"Factors influencing chloride deposition in a coastal hilly area and application to chloride deposition mapping","volume":"14","author":"H. Guan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0254793.ref056","first-page":"3636","article-title":"Atmospheric chloride deposition in continental Spain. Hydrological Processes","volume":"22","author":"F. J. Alcal\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"An International Journal"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0254793.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.23818\/limn.22.03","article-title":"The relationship between nitrate and ammonia concentrations in the pelagic zone of lakes","volume":"22","author":"R. Quir\u00f3s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnetica"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-015-0014-7","article-title":"Water quality assessment of lake water: a review","volume":"2","author":"R. Bhateria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain Water Resour Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.019","article-title":"Water chemistry of lakes related to active and inactive Mexican volcanoes","volume":"178","author":"M. A. Armienta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Composition of the continental crust","volume":"3","author":"R. L. Rudnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"The crust"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2010.42","article-title":"Mobilisation of iron and manganese from sediments of a Scottish Upland reservoir","volume":"69","author":"C. Abesser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Limnology"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.148","article-title":"Historical shifts in oxygenation regime as recorded in the laminated sediments of lake Montcort\u00e8s (Central Pyrenees) support hypoxia as a continental-scale phenomenon","volume":"612","author":"T. Vegas-Vilarr\u00fabia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the total environment"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.078","article-title":"Tracing lake mixing and oxygenation regime using the Fe\/Mn ratio in varved sediments: 2000 year-long record of human-induced changes from Lake \u017babi\u0144skie (NE Poland)","volume":"657","author":"M. \u017barczy\u0144ski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref064","unstructured":"Murray, J. W. (1987). Mechanisms controlling the distribution of trace elements in oceans and lakes. In Hites, RA And SJ Eisenreich (Ed.). Advances in Chemistry Series, 216. Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants; Symposium Held at the 190th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, USA, September 8\u201313, 1985. Xiii+ 558p. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA. Illus. Maps Isbn 0-8412-0983-9.; 0 (0). 1987. 153\u2013184."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254793.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1992.37.3.0510","article-title":"The cycling of iron and manganese in the water column of Lake Sammamish, Washington","volume":"37","author":"L. S. Balistrieri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-015-0144-x","article-title":"The mobility of phosphorus, iron, and manganese through the sediment\u2013water continuum of a shallow eutrophic freshwater lake under stratified and mixed water-column conditions","volume":"127","author":"C. D. Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027","article-title":"Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere\u2013speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity","volume":"102","author":"J. P. Gustafsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"issue":"5854","key":"pone.0254793.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/296214a0","article-title":"The rare earth elements in seawater","volume":"296","author":"H. Elderfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(85)90089-4","article-title":"Rare earth elements in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans","volume":"49","author":"H. J. W. De Baar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0254793.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4596(02)00145-7","article-title":"Partitioning of REE between solution and particulate matter in natural waters: a filtration study","volume":"171","author":"B. J. Nelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Solid State Chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.04.042","article-title":"Efficient mobilization and fractionation of rare-earth elements by aqueous fluids upon slab dehydration","volume":"398","author":"A. Tsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254793.ref072","first-page":"104","article-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","volume":"38","author":"F. Edition","year":"2011","journal-title":"WHO chronicle"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref073","volume-title":"When the Universe was an island: exploring the cultural and spiritual Cosmos of Ancient Rapa Nui","author":"E. Edwards","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.08.015","article-title":"Natural and anthropogenic drivers of cultural change on Easter Island: Review and new insights","volume":"150","author":"V. Rull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref075","volume-title":"Easter Island: island of enigmas","author":"J. Dos Passos","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref076","volume-title":"Easter Island 1793 to 1861: Observations by early visitors before the slave raids","author":"R. Richards","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254793.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210409","article-title":"Rapa Nui (Easter Island) monument (ahu) locations explained by freshwater sources","volume":"14","author":"R. J. DiNapoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref078","volume-title":"Ethnology of Easter Island (No. 160)","author":"A. M\u00e9traux","year":"1940"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref079","volume-title":"Easter Island: A stone-age civilization of the Pacific","author":"A. M\u00e9traux","year":"1957"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2307\/214734","article-title":"Easter Island: the Scottish connection","author":"J. D. Porteous","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geographical Review"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref081","unstructured":"Gobierno de Chile Ministerio De Obras P\u00fablicas Direccion General De Aguas (2010) Caracterizaci\u00f3n Hidrogeol\u00f3gica De La Isla de Pascua"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254793.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1992.0016","article-title":"Salt consumption in ancient Polynesia","volume":"35","author":"S. A. Norton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perspectives in biology and medicine"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref083","volume-title":"Island at the end of the world: The turbulent history of Easter Island","author":"S. R. Fischer","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref084","volume-title":"The great warming: Climate change and the rise and fall of civilizations","author":"B. Fagan","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0254793.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00025","article-title":"Commentary: rain, sun, soil, and sweat: a consideration of population limits on Rapa Nui (Easter island) before European contact","volume":"6","author":"C. P. Lipo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:01:21Z","timestamp":1673492481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254793"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Carling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}}}