{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:20:08Z","timestamp":1790439608008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Practice Plan (MPP) - American University of Beirut"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in children visiting the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) using automated vision screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a hospital-based screening of 1102 children aged between 2 and 6 years. Vision screening was performed using PlusoptiX S12 over 2 years (2018\u20132020). The need for referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist was based on the amblyopia risk factors set forth by the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Referred patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1102 children were screened, 63 were referred for amblyopia risk factors (5.7%); 37\/63 (59%) underwent comprehensive eye examination and 73% were prescribed glasses. Of the non-referred group of children, 6.35% had astigmatism, 6.25% were hyperopic and 3.27% were myopic. The refractive errors observed among the examined patients were distributed as follows: 41% astigmatism, 51% hyperopia, and 8% myopia; amblyopia was not detected. Refractive amblyopia risk factors were associated with the presence of systemic disorders. Bland-Altman plots showed most of the differences to be within limits of agreement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using an automated vision screener in a hospital-based cohort of children aged 2 to 6 years, the rate of refractive amblyopia risk factors was 5.7%. Hyperopia was the most commonly encountered refractive error and children with systemic disorders were at higher risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T18:29:56Z","timestamp":1627583396000},"page":"e0254831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Amblyopia risk factors among pediatric patients in a hospital-based setting using photoscreening"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-6278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christiane","family":"Al-Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"El Moussawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Hoyeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-7972","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carl-Joe","family":"Mehanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrine Anais","family":"El Salloukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Hnaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-0079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rose-Mary N.","family":"Boustany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0254831.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13330","article-title":"Prevalence of reduced visual acuity among preschool children in eastern China and comparison at a 5-year interval","volume":"46","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254831.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3177","article-title":"Vision screening for children 1 to 5 years of age: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation statement","volume":"127","author":"Force USPST","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254831.ref003","first-page":"P184","article-title":"Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern(R): I. 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