{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:16:53Z","timestamp":1777335413283,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An ethnobotanical expedition was conducted to document the traditional ethnobotanical (TEB) uses of wild flora of Dawarian and Ratti Gali villages of District Neelam, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan. District Neelam has rich plant diversity and is hub of many endemic plant species while the study areas are not yet explored. The research area: Dawarian and Rati Gali (DRG) area is mountaineous terrain and villages are located on far and farther distances. DRG area has rich biocultural and plant diversity comprising of different ethnic groups of Kashmir state. The current research was aimed to explore and document traditional medicines (TEMs) and other domestic and commercial uses of wild plants. This study will assist to evaluate conservation and commercial worth of wild flora which can be potential candidate for drug discovery through ethnopharmacological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current quantitative ethnobotanical research was carried out in 2018 by interviewing 150 indigenous informants (90 male and 60 female) of DRG area using questionnaire applying structured and semi structured interview methodology. Data analysis was analyzed by using quantitative ethnobotanical statistical tools such as fidelity level (FL), informant consensus factor (ICF), Spearman\u2019s rank correlation (SRC) and data matrix ranking (DMR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The indigenous people of DRG area use wild plants in their daily life to cope life necessities i.e. food, vegetables, fodder, fuel, shelter, timber and herbal medicines. TEMs are primarily used to cure different infirmities like diabetics, asthma, dysentery, constipation, cold, fever, joint pain, wound healing, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, epilepsy, kidney infections and many types of skin diseases. Current study revealed the data of 103 wild plants species belonging to 46 plant families from selected areas of District Neelum, AJK. Results depicted that Asteraceae ranked 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>(12 plants spp). Among plant parts used leaf ranked 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>(18%), followed by seed (17%) and root (13%). While prevalent form recipe mode was decoction (20%), followed by powder (17%) and extract (14%) and fodder was highest (37%) EB use-form fodder, followed by food (32%) and fuel (17%). Quantitative ethnobotanical analysis (QEA) was carried to find the reliability and novelty of the study. Five plant species including<jats:italic>Berberis lyceum<\/jats:italic>(FL = 97.78%),<jats:italic>Isodon rugosus<\/jats:italic>(FL = 95.71%),<jats:italic>Saussurea lappa<\/jats:italic>(FL = 94.74%),<jats:italic>Aconitum heterophyllum<\/jats:italic>(FL = 92.71%) and<jats:italic>Taxus baccata<\/jats:italic>(91.58%) had shown high fidelity level which confirmed that these plants have high medicinal worth in study area. The highest value (0.94) of ICF was for diseases group \u201ctuberculosis and leucorrhea\u201d, followed by stomachache and flatulence (0.93), diabetics and blood pressure (0.92) and asthma and chest infections (0.88). For other uses fuel with ICF (0.83) ranked first and second was hedging and thatching (ICF = 0.82) where people use plants or their parts for construction. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation (SRC) test indicated that number of TEB uses increases if number of species is increased. Jaccard index (JI) analysis depicted that 56.31% plants are being used as TEMs which are first time explored from the study area. While 26.21% plants are being used in different TEB uses which are different from past cited literature. These novel findings of research indicate that wild flora of the study area has great potential for novel drug discovery and provision of materialist services for the indigenous communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present research revealed that TEMs uses of 58 plants are novel being first time reported from the study area (DRG) of District Neelam of AJK. The results showed that plants like<jats:italic>Acer cappadocicum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ajuga bracteosa<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Swertia paniculata<\/jats:italic>are used to cure diabetes,<jats:italic>Viscum album<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Viola canescens<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Taxus baccata<\/jats:italic>are used for cure of cancer,<jats:italic>Isodon rugosus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Polygala chinensis<\/jats:italic>are used in TEMs for treating cardiovascular disorders and<jats:italic>Anaphalis triplinervis<\/jats:italic>is used for epilepsy.<jats:italic>Berberis lyceum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ajuga bracteosa<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Aconitum heterophyllum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Bistorta amplexicaule<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Saussurea lapa<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Jurinea dolomiaea<\/jats:italic>are severely threatened and there is urgent need to do conservation measures for available of valuable MPs to the indigenous communities for life necessities and for future research. The current study will also be useful addition in ethnobotanical database, preservation of traditional culture and drug discovery and drug development through future ethnopharmacological research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T18:46:44Z","timestamp":1627584404000},"page":"e0255010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Inventorization of traditional ethnobotanical uses of wild plants of Dawarian and Ratti Gali areas of District Neelum, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ajaib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-1413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ishtiaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khizar Hayat","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8449-0494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iqbal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanveer","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waheeda","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Azeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sardar Muhammad Rafique","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Thind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohina","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0255010.ref001","first-page":"1897","article-title":"Ethnobotanical properties and uses of medicinal plants of Morgha Biodiversity Park, Rawalpindi","volume":"40","author":"ZS Husain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Botany"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0255010.ref002","first-page":"4493","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of common medicinal plants used by people of District Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"A Mahmood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants 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