{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:43:44Z","timestamp":1793105024091,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 A1123074, U19 AI129326, R01 AI050243, and D43 TW001505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 A1123074, U19 AI129326, R01 AI050243, and D43 TW001505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n is a major Afrotropical vector of human malaria. This study sought to investigate the larval ecology, sporozoite infection rates and blood meal sources of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n in western Kenya.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Larval surveys were carried out in Bungoma (Highland) and Kombewa (lowland) of western Kenya. Aquatic habitats were identified, characterized, georeferenced and carefully examined for mosquito larvae and predators. Indoor resting mosquitoes were sampled using pyrethrum spray catches. Adults and larvae were morphologically and molecularly identified to species. Sporozoite infections and blood meal sources were detected using real-time PCR and ELISA respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 151 aquatic habitats assessed, 62\/80 (78%) in Bungoma and 58\/71(82%) in Kombewa were positive for mosquito larvae. Of the 3,193 larvae sampled,\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n larvae constitute 38% (1224\/3193). Bungoma recorded a higher number of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n larvae (85%, 95%, CI, 8.722\u201317.15) than Kombewa (15%, 95%, CI, 1.33\u20133.91). Molecular identification of larvae showed that 89% (n = 80) were\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n . Approximately 59%, 35% and 5% of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n larvae co-existed with\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n gambiae s<\/jats:italic>\n .\n l<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Culex spp<\/jats:italic>\n and\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coustani<\/jats:italic>\n in the same habitats respectively. Of 1,221\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus s<\/jats:italic>\n .\n l<\/jats:italic>\n adults sampled, molecular identifications revealed that\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n constituted 87% (n = 201) and 88% (n = 179) in Bungoma and Kombewa, respectively. The\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n sporozoite rate of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n in Bungoma and Kombewa was 2% (3\/174) and 1% (2\/157), respectively, and the human blood index of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n was 84% (48\/57) and 89% (39\/44) and for Bungoma and Kombewa, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Man-made ponds had the highest abundance of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n larvae. Multiple regression and principal component analyses identified the distance to the nearest house as the key environmental factor associated with the abundance of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n larvae in aquatic habitats. This study serves as a guide for the control of\n An<\/jats:italic>\n .\n funestus<\/jats:italic>\n and other mosquito species to complement existing vector control strategies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T13:37:12Z","timestamp":1633959432000},"page":"e0255321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Larval ecology and bionomics of Anopheles funestus in highland and lowland sites in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-709X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Debrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5653-5993","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda E.","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-8344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Ochwedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang R.","family":"Mukabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2011Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-1576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edwin O.","family":"Magomere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrysone","family":"Atieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0255321.ref001","unstructured":"WHO, World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges. 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