{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:18:45Z","timestamp":1771237125595,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-10464S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-10464S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fulbrightova komise \u010cR"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cesarean section (CS) rates are rising rapidly around the world but no conclusive evidence has been obtained about the possible short- and long-term effects of CS on child behavior. We evaluated prospectively the association between CS and infant temperament across the first 9 postpartum months, controlling for indications for CS and investigating parity and infant sex as moderators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of mothers and their healthy infants. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire completed by the mothers at 6 weeks (n = 452) and 9 months (n = 258) postpartum. Mode of birth was classified into spontaneous vaginal birth (n = 347 for 6 weeks sample; 197 for 9 months sample), CS planned for medical reasons (n = 55; 28) and emergency CS (n = 50; 33).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple regression analysis revealed no main effects of birth mode, but showed a significant interaction between birth mode and parity indicating that emergency CS in firstborn infants was associated with more difficult temperament at 6 weeks. There were no significant associations between indications for CS and infant temperament, although breech presentation predicted difficult temperament at 9 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We largely failed to support the association between CS and infant temperament. Although our results suggest that emergency CS may be associated with temperament in firstborns, further research is needed to replicate this finding, preferably using observational measures to assess child temperament.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T18:57:57Z","timestamp":1628794677000},"page":"e0255367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parity moderates the effect of delivery mode on maternal ratings of infant temperament"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-026X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lea","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel P.","family":"Putnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Barto\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"\u010cepick\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255367.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148343","article-title":"The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: global, regional and national estimates: 1990\u20132014","volume":"11","author":"AP Betr\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255367.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002494","article-title":"Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"OE Keag","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0255367.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.09.006","article-title":"The long-term effects of birth by caesarean section: the case for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"MJ Hyde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0255367.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12351","article-title":"Research review: Birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"EA Curran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, And Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255367.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210837","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0837","article-title":"Assessment of cesarean delivery and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in the children of a population-based Swedish birth cohort","volume":"4","author":"T Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0255367.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1055-9","article-title":"The impact of obstetric mode of delivery on childhood behavior","volume":"50","author":"SY Al Khalaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0255367.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"The association of birth by caesarean section and cognitive outcomes in offspring: a systematic review","volume-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology","author":"JA Blake","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0255367.ref008","volume-title":"A temperament theory of personality development","author":"AH Buss","year":"1975"},{"key":"pone.0255367.ref009","unstructured":"Thomas A. 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