{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:37:01Z","timestamp":1792791421741,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in quarantine\/lockdown measures in most countries. Quarantine may create intense psychological problems including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) especially for the vulnerable critically developing children\/adolescents. Few studies evaluated PTSD associated with infectious disasters but no Saudi study investigated PTSD associated with COVID-19 in children\/adolescents. This study was undertaken to screen for PTSD in children\/adolescent in Saudi Arabia to identify its prevalence\/risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic and its quarantine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted after 2 months form start of quarantine for COVID-19 pandemic utilizing the original English version and an Arabic translated version for the University of California at Los Angeles Brief COVID-19 Screen for Child\/Adolescent PTSD that can be parent-reported or self-completed by older children\/adolescents. Participants (Saudi citizens\/non-Saudi residents) were approached online via social media.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Five hundred and thirty seven participants were enrolled. The participants were 262 boys and 275 girls with a mean age of 12.25\u00b13.77 years. Symptoms of no, minimal, mild and potential PTSD were identified in 15.5%, 44.1%, 27.4% and 13.0% of children\/adolescents, respectively. The age, gender, school grade, and residence were not predictive of PTSD symptoms. Univariate analysis of risk factors for PTSD revealed that work of a close relative around people who might be infected was significantly different between groups of PTSD symptoms, but this difference disappeared during multivariate analysis. Children\/adolescents of Saudi citizens had significantly lower median total PTSD score than children\/adolescents of expatriate families (p = 0.002).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PTSD associated with the COVID-19 and its resultant quarantine shouldn\u2019t be overlooked in different populations as it is expected in a considerable proportion of children\/adolescents with variable prevalence, risk factors and severity. Parents\/healthcare providers must be aware of PTSD associated with COVID-19 or similar disasters, so, they can provide children\/adolescent with effective coping mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T17:32:42Z","timestamp":1628098362000},"page":"e0255440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["COVID-19 related posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-1881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moustafa A.","family":"Hegazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki S.","family":"Alahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem A.","family":"Zubairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Altuwiriqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fajr A.","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali F.","family":"Atwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada M.","family":"Abdulhaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh H.","family":"Almurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0255440.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"CC Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pone.0255440.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m313","article-title":"The psychological effects of quarantining a city","volume":"368","author":"GJ Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0255440.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1251","article-title":"Covid-19: India imposes lockdown for 21 days and cases rise","volume":"368","author":"P Pulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0255440.ref004","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Multilevel Dynamics in Developmental Psychopathology: Pathways to the Future","author":"BH Fiese","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0255440.ref005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). 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