{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:03:24Z","timestamp":1793945004032,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"anr-t","award":["2017-1414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1414"]}]},{"name":"anr","award":["10-INBS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-INBS-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the evolution of fatty liver metabolism of ducks is a recurrent issue for researchers and industry. Indeed, the increase in weight during the overfeeding period leads to an important change in the liver metabolism. However, liver weight is highly variable at the end of overfeeding within a batch of animals reared, force-fed and slaughtered in the same way. For this study, we performed a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-NMR) analysis on two classes of fatty liver samples, called low-weight liver (weights between 550 and 599 g) and high-weight liver (weights above 700 g). The aim of this study was to identify the differences in metabolism between two classes of liver weight (low and high). Firstly, the results suggested that increased liver weight is associated with higher glucose uptake leading to greater lipid synthesis. Secondly, this increase is probably also due to a decline in the level of export of triglycerides from the liver by maintaining them at high hepatic concentration levels, but also of hepatic cholesterol. Finally, the increase in liver weight could lead to a significant decrease in the efficiency of aerobic energy metabolism associated with a significant increase in the level of oxidative stress. However, all these hypotheses will have to be confirmed in the future, by studies on plasma levels and specific assays to validate these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T18:09:57Z","timestamp":1656439797000},"page":"e0255707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Slightly different metabolomic profiles are associated with high or low weight duck foie gras"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bara","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Marty-Gasset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Manse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Canlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Domitile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-0197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Herve","family":"Remignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0255707.ref001","volume-title":"Food composition and nutrition tables","author":"SW Souci","year":"2000","edition":"6"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34275","article-title":"Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engineered mice","volume":"118","author":"C Postic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130024","volume-title":"Comprehensive Physiology","author":"L. Rui","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0541075","article-title":"Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulatory mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"GA Leveille","year":"1975","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref005","unstructured":"Saez G. Relation entre l\u2019engraissement intramusculaire chez le canard, la lipog\u00e9n\u00e8se h\u00e9patique, la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion h\u00e9patique des lipides et la capacit\u00e9 de captage des lipides par les muscles. Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour. thesis, Pau. 2009. http:\/\/www.theses.fr\/2009PAUU3007"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.20870\/productions-animales.2013.26.5.3169","article-title":"La st\u00e9atose h\u00e9patique chez les palmip\u00e8des","volume":"26","author":"E Baeza","year":"2013","journal-title":"INRA Prod. Anim"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.10.1398","article-title":"Differential channelling of liver lipids in relation to susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in the goose","volume":"78","author":"D Hermier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref008","unstructured":"UE. R\u00c8GLEMENT (CE) N o 543\/2008 DE LA COMMISSION du 16 juin 2008. Journal officiel de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne. 16 Jun 2008. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0543&from=FR. Accessed 15 Jul 2019."},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref009","article-title":"Evolution of liver fattening and foie gras technological yield during the overfeeding period in mule duck","author":"CMD Bonnefont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203058x","article-title":"Identification by proteomic analysis of early post-mortem markers involved in the variability in fat loss during cooking of mule duck \u201cfoie gras\u201d","volume":"59","author":"L Theron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref011","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Apoptosis during the development of the hepatic steatosis in force-fed ducks and cooking yield implications","volume":"97","author":"H R\u00e9mignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.569329","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Two Weight Classes of Mule Duck \u201cfoie gras\u201d at the End of an Overfeeding Period","volume":"11","author":"B Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5006963","article-title":"Mule Duck \u201cFoie Gras\u201d Shows Different Metabolic States According to Its Quality Phenotype by Using a Proteomic Approach","volume":"62","author":"Y Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5415-1","article-title":"RNA-seq analysis of hepatic gene expression of common Pekin, Muscovy, mule and hinny ducks fed ad libitum or overfed","volume":"20","author":"F H\u00e9rault","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R453","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00198.2019","article-title":"Kinetic study of the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and cellular stress during overfeeding in mule ducks","volume":"318","author":"T Pioche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref016","first-page":"966","article-title":"Application of Metabolomics to Identify Hepatic Biomarkers of Foie Gras Qualities in Duck","volume":"12","author":"Z Mozduri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-46-38","article-title":"Selecting the quality of mule duck fatty liver based on near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"46","author":"C Marie-Etancelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Sel Evol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.376","article-title":"Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic procedures for NMR spectroscopy of urine, plasma, serum and tissue extracts","volume":"2","author":"O Beckonert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref019","first-page":"373","article-title":"Pulse program catalogue: i. 1d & 2d nmr experiments","volume":"2","author":"T. Parella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bruker Biospin"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-017-1244-5","article-title":"ASICS: an automatic method for identification and quantification of metabolites in complex 1D 1H NMR spectra","volume":"13","author":"P Tardivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04232","article-title":"Joint Automatic Metabolite Identification and Quantification of a Set of 1H NMR Spectra","volume":"93","author":"G Lefort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz248","article-title":"ASICS: an R package for a whole analysis workflow of 1D 1H NMR spectra","volume":"35","author":"G Lefort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-253","article-title":"Sparse PLS discriminant analysis: biologically relevant feature selection and graphical displays for multiclass problems","volume":"12","author":"K-A L\u00ea Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref024","unstructured":"Thevenot E. ropls: PCA, PLS(-DA) and OPLS(-DA) for multivariate analysis and feature selection of omics data. Bioconductor version: Release (3.12); 2021."},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref025","unstructured":"Glen S. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. In: \u201cRMSE: Root Mean Square Error\u201d From StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! [Internet]. 2021 [cited 16 Apr 2021]. https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/probability-and-statistics\/regression-analysis\/rmse-root-mean-square-error\/"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref026","unstructured":"Tenenhaus M. La r\u00e9gression PLS: th\u00e9orie et pratique. Editions TECHNIP; 1998."},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.048","article-title":"Cellular markers of mule duck livers after force-feeding","volume":"99","author":"B Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref028","first-page":"e3129769","article-title":"The L-Curve Criterion as a Model Selection Tool in PLS Regression","volume":"2019","author":"A Kerkri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Probab Stat"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1556\/ABiol.58.2007.1.4","article-title":"Following the goose liver development by means of cross-sectional digital imaging, liver histology and blood biochemical parameters","volume":"58","author":"L Locsm\u00e1ndi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biol Hung"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.07.015","article-title":"Is the hepatic metabolism of glucose and linoleic acid influenced by species in overfed ducks?","volume":"151","author":"G Saez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00071667208415986","article-title":"In vitro lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues of the female Aylesbury duck at different ages","volume":"13","author":"AJ Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref032","article-title":"Identification of Plasmatic Biomarkers of Foie Gras Qualities in Duck by Metabolomics","volume":"12","author":"Z Mozduri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51369-7","article-title":"Choline in the nutrition of chicks","volume":"138","author":"DM Hegsted","year":"1941","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b","article-title":"Choline Metabolism Provides Novel Insights into Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Progression","volume":"28","author":"KD Corbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03994","article-title":"Choline requirements of White Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 days of age","volume":"93","author":"ZG Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19960503","article-title":"Hybrid ducks overfed with boiled corn develop an acute hepatic steatosis with decreased choline and polyunsaturated fatty acid level in phospholipids","volume":"36","author":"JF Gabarrou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-028","article-title":"Supplemental choline for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cattle","volume":"90","author":"RF Cooke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900022-JLR200","article-title":"Dietary sucrose is essential to the development of liver injury in the methionine-choline-deficient model of steatohepatitis","volume":"50","author":"MK Pickens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21851","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301982200","article-title":"A gender-specific role for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-derived phosphatidylcholine in the regulation of plasma high density and very low density lipoproteins in mice","volume":"278","author":"AA Noga","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.758","article-title":"Dietary Eritadenine and Ethanolamine Depress Fatty Acid Desaturase Activities by Increasing Liver Microsomal Phosphatidylethanolamine in Rats","volume":"133","author":"Y Shimada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27077","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.031336","article-title":"Elimination of the CDP-ethanolamine Pathway Disrupts Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis*","volume":"284","author":"R Leonardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14022529","article-title":"Regulation of Phosphatidylethanolamine Homeostasis\u2014The Critical Role of CTP:Phosphoethanolamine Cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2)","volume":"14","author":"Z Pavlovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7136-7_16","volume-title":"Plant Stress Tolerance","author":"S Sahoo","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.008","article-title":"Glutathione defense mechanism in liver injury: insights from animal models","volume":"60","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"60","author":"SC Kalhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200111000-00011","article-title":"Liver and intestinal lactate metabolism in patients with acute hepatic failure undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"ND Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.042","article-title":"Hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"125","author":"T McGarry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150722102613","article-title":"Creatine and the Liver: Metabolism and Possible Interactions","volume":"16","author":"RP Barcelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mini-Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010041","article-title":"Creatine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Damage by Inhibiting Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cellular Senescence","volume":"13","author":"N Aljobaily","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0875-5","article-title":"Creatine as an antioxidant","volume":"40","author":"P Sestili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"pone.0255707.ref051","first-page":"161","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate","volume":"53","author":"AM Persky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T18:10:44Z","timestamp":1656439844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255707"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Mounier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}