{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1777334889973,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHL 587\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHL 587\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KO 3520\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO 3520\/5-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization is a main driver of agricultural transition in the Global South but how it shapes trends of intensification or extensification is not yet well understood. The Indian megacity of Bengaluru combines rapid urbanization with a high demand for dairy products, which is partly supplied by urban and peri-urban dairy producers. To study the impacts of urbanization on dairy production and to identify key features of dairy production systems across Bengaluru\u2019s rural-urban interface, 337 dairy producers were surveyed on the socio-economic profile of their household, their dairy herd and management, resources availability and, in- and output markets. A two-step cluster analysis identified four spatially explicit dairy production systems based on urbanization level of their neighborhood, reliance on self-cultivated forages, pasture use, cattle in- and outflow and share of specialized dairy genotypes. The most extensive dairy production system, common to the whole rural-urban interface, utilized publicly available feed resources and pasture grounds rather than to cultivate forages. In rural areas, two semi-intensive and one intensive dairy production systems relying on self-cultivation of forage with or without pasture further distinguished themselves by their herd and breeding management. In rural areas, the village\u2019s dairy cooperative, which also provided access to inputs such as exotic genotype through artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and health care, was often the only marketing channel available to dairy producers, irrespective of the dairy production system to which they belonged. In urban areas, milk was mostly sold through direct marketing or a middleman. Despite rapidly progressing urbanization and a population of 10 million, Bengaluru\u2019s dairy sector still relies on small-scale family dairy farms. Shifts in resources availability, such as land and labor, are potential drivers of market-oriented intensification but also extensification of dairy production in an urbanizing environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1628794717000},"page":"e0255791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Dairy production in an urbanizing environment\u2014Typology and linkages in the megacity of Bengaluru, India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8477-0808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marion","family":"Reichenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6188-3551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-2893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eva","family":"Schlecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0255791.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/095624780301500111","article-title":"The links between urban and rural development","author":"C Tacoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environment & Urbanization"},{"key":"pone.0255791.ref002","first-page":"60","article-title":"Food systems and environment: building positive rural-urban linkages.","author":"C Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Ecology Review"},{"issue":"7525","key":"pone.0255791.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13945","article-title":"Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services","volume":"515","author":"GS Cumming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255791.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2005.02.003","article-title":"On the importance of tightening feedback loops for sustainable development of food systems","volume":"30","author":"\u00c5 Sundkvist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255791.ref005","article-title":"Institutions and the resilience of biobased production systems: the historical case of livestock intensification in the Netherlands","volume":"24","author":"CJAM Termeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology And Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255791.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4959.2010.00394.x","article-title":"An obsolete dichotomy? 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