{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:48:07Z","timestamp":1792133287388,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"wellcome trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Wellcome Trust [220211]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wellcome Trust [220211]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four in five neonatal deaths of preterm births occur in low and middle income countries and placental histopathology examination can help clarify the pathogenesis. Infection is known to play a significant role in preterm birth. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the association between placental histopathological abnormality and preterm birth in the presence of confirmed infection. PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase were searched using the keywords related to preterm birth, placental histopathology and infection. Titles and abstracts were screened and the full texts of eligible articles were reviewed to extract and summarise data. Of 1529 articles, only 23 studies (13 bacterial, 6 viral and 4 parasitic) were included, and they used 7 different gestational age windows, and 20 different histopathological classification systems, precluding data pooling. Despite this, histopathological chorioamnionitis, and funisitis (when examined) were commonly observed in preterm birth complicated by confirmed bacterial or viral, but not parasitic, infection. The presence of malaria parasites but not pigment in placenta was reported to increase the risk of PTB, but this finding was inconclusive. One in three studies were conducted in low and middle income countries. An array of: definitions of preterm birth subgroups, histological classification systems, histopathologic abnormalities and diagnostic methods to identify infections were reported in this systematic review. Commitment to using standardised terminology and classification of histopathological abnormalities associated with infections is needed to identify causality and potential treatment of preterm birth. Studies on preterm birth needs to occur in high burden countries and control for clinical characteristics (maternal, fetal, labor, and placental) that may have an impact on placental histopathological abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T19:02:06Z","timestamp":1628794926000},"page":"e0255902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Placental histopathology in preterm birth with confirmed maternal infection: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-0888","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aung Myat","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-9287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makoto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-9317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois H.","family":"Nosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-3257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rose","family":"McGready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.011","article-title":"The epidemiology, etiology, and costs of preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"HA Frey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.007","article-title":"Global burden of prematurity","volume":"21","author":"MS Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"7","author":"S Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571199","article-title":"A Worldwide Epidemic: The Problem and Challenges of Preterm Birth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"33","author":"MC Smid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"9606","key":"pone.0255902.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0255902.ref006","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Born too soon: preterm birth matters","volume":"10","author":"Born Too Soon Preterm Birth Action Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706475","article-title":"Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth","volume":"359","author":"D Moster","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120566","article-title":"Survival, morbidity, growth and developmental delay for babies born preterm in low and middle income countries\u2014a systematic review of outcomes measured","volume":"10","author":"M Gladstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref009","first-page":"248","article-title":"Pathoanatomical and clinical aspects of the placenta in preterm birth","volume":"38","author":"H Feist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0255902.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-7070-y","article-title":"Amniotic Infection Syndrome: Nosology and Reproducibility of Placental Reaction Patterns","volume":"6","author":"RW Redline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0255902.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.05.011","article-title":"Systematic review of placental pathology reported in association with stillbirth","volume":"35","author":"I Ptacek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2019.00038","article-title":"Placental histopathology in late preterm infants: clinical implications","volume":"63","author":"K Ericksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.041","article-title":"Chronic inflammation of the placenta: definition, classification, pathogenesis, and clinical significance","volume":"213","author":"CJ Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570379","article-title":"Role of the Placenta in Preterm Birth: A Review","volume":"33","author":"TK Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"American journal of perinatology"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref015","first-page":"183A","article-title":"Placental villous hypermaturation is associated with idiopathic preterm labor: Multicenter study","author":"TK Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0255902.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-13448","article-title":"Infection and preterm birth","volume":"17","author":"WW Andrews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 3","key":"pone.0255902.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x","article-title":"The preterm parturition syndrome","volume":"113","author":"R Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0255902.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"DB DiGiulio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.008","article-title":"Infection and preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"HC Nadeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2011.08.003","article-title":"Inflammatory response in acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"17","author":"RW Redline","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"pone.0255902.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.056","article-title":"Classification of placental lesions","volume":"213","author":"RW Redline","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(00)80203-8","article-title":"Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study","volume":"31","author":"MR Ismail","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00110.x","article-title":"Placental malaria. I. Pathological classification","volume":"22","author":"JN Bulmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0255902.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/1093526618775958","article-title":"Classification of Preterm Birth With Placental Correlates","volume":"21","author":"KM Chisholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref025","unstructured":"Min AM, McGready R. A systematic review on placenta histopathology and infection in association with preterm birth: PROSPERO; 2019 [https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019137099."},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref027","unstructured":"Wells G SB, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0255902.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa156","article-title":"Relationships Between Measures of Malaria at Delivery and Adverse Birth Outcomes in a High-Transmission Area of Uganda","volume":"222","author":"J Ategeka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215058","article-title":"The prevalence of histologic acute chorioamnionitis among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda and its association with adverse birth outcomes","volume":"14","author":"J Ategeka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0255902.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1140734","article-title":"The common vaginal commensal bacterium Ureaplasma parvum is associated with chorioamnionitis in extreme preterm labor","volume":"29","author":"C Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00470.x","article-title":"Antenatal mycoplasma infection, the fetal inflammatory response and cerebral white matter damage in very-low-birthweight infants","volume":"17","author":"O Dammann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02765-0","article-title":"Villitis of unknown etiology and chronic deciduitis are not associated with human papilloma virus and enterovirus infection","volume":"477","author":"H Feist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref033","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome and placental weights: their relationship to HIV-1 infection","volume":"70","author":"PB Gichangi","year":"1993","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0255902.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12529","article-title":"Human placental PPAR-\u03b3 and SOX-2 expression in serologically proved toxoplasmosis","volume":"40","author":"M Hasby Saad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2350\/07-06-0285.1","article-title":"Characterization of chorioamnionitis in 2nd-trimester C-section placentas and correlation with microorganism recovery from subamniotic tissues","volume":"11","author":"ELGAN Study Investigators","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"issue":"4 PART 1","key":"pone.0255902.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90447-Y","article-title":"Microbiologic causes and neonatal outcomes associated with chorioamnion infection","volume":"165","author":"SL Hillier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0255902.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191503","article-title":"A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity","volume":"319","author":"SL Hillier","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02391.x","article-title":"Certain type of chronic lung disease of newborns is associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in utero","volume":"49","author":"Y Honma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0255902.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9569-2","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and placental inflammation in early preterm delivery","volume":"26","author":"GI Rours","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2040-4","article-title":"Relationships between infection with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy, measures of placental malaria, and adverse birth outcomes","volume":"16","author":"J Kapisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.818124","article-title":"Co-infection with vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis increases adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"27","author":"DW Kwak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199807010-00015","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected African women. Pregnancy and HIV Study Group","volume":"18","author":"J Ladner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2077-4","article-title":"Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with placental malaria in a prospective cohort of Papua New Guinean women","volume":"16","author":"E Lufele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181c6e58e","article-title":"Placental features of chorioamnionitis colonized with Ureaplasma species in preterm delivery","volume":"67","author":"F Namba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001871","article-title":"Placental Structure in Preterm Birth Among HIV-Positive Versus HIV-Negative Women in Kenya","volume":"80","author":"MM Obimbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0255902.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1350642","article-title":"Genital tract GBS and rate of histologic chorioamnionitis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane","volume":"31","author":"K Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000255663.47512.23","article-title":"Value of placental microbial evaluation in diagnosing intra-amniotic infection","volume":"109","author":"CM Pettker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201124","article-title":"Correlation between placental bacterial culture results and histological chorioamnionitis: a prospective study on 376 placentas","volume":"66","author":"V Queiros da Mota","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0255902.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv587","article-title":"Placental Infection with Ureaplasma species is Associated with Histologic Chorioamnionitis and Adverse Outcomes in Moderately Preterm and Late-Preterm Infants","volume":"213","author":"EL Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0255902.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21820","article-title":"Adenovirus genome in the placenta: association with histological chorioamnionitis and preterm birth","volume":"82","author":"EA Tsekoura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref051","first-page":"71","article-title":"Chorangiosis. An important placental sign of neonatal morbidity and mortality","volume":"108","author":"G Altshuler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7494-5","volume-title":"Manual of pathology of the human placenta","author":"RN Baergen","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref053","first-page":"309","article-title":"Examination of the placenta","volume":"18","author":"K Benirschke","year":"1961","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref054","first-page":"704","article-title":"College of American Pathologists Conference XIX on the Examination of the Placenta: report of the Working Group on Methods for Placental Examination","volume":"115","author":"SG Driscoll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020701813750","article-title":"Histopathological examination of the placenta: key issues for pathologists and obstetricians","volume":"40","author":"SJ Gordijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0255902.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.106195","article-title":"Histopathologies, immunolocalization, and a glycan binding screen provide insights into Plasmodium falciparum interactions with the human placenta","volume":"88","author":"BS Hromatka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref057","first-page":"799","volume-title":"Developmental pathology of the embryo and fetus","author":"DK Kalousek","year":"1992"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0255902.ref058","first-page":"709","article-title":"College of American Pathologists Conference XIX on the Examination of the Placenta: report of the Working Group on the Definition of Structural Changes Associated with Abnormal Function in the Maternal\/Fetal\/Placental Unit in the Second and Third Trimesters","volume":"115","author":"C Kaplan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0255902.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0225-CC","article-title":"Sampling and Definitions of Placental Lesions Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement","volume":"140","author":"TY Khong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref060","article-title":"Atlas of nontumor pathology: placental pathology","author":"FT Kraus","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Registry of Pathology\/Armed Forces Institute of Pathology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0255902.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1086\/656723","article-title":"A novel histological grading scheme for placental malaria applied in areas of high and low malaria transmission","volume":"202","author":"A Muehlenbachs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref062","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Disorders of the Placenta, Fetus, and Neonate: Diagnosis and Clinical Significance","author":"RL Naeye","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680115","article-title":"Placental monocyte infiltrates in response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"68","author":"SJ Rogerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0255902.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.09.005","article-title":"Gross abnormalities of the umbilical cord: related placental histology and clinical significance","volume":"30","author":"P Tantbirojn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0255902.ref065","first-page":"67","article-title":"Pathology of the placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord in bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in man","author":"WA Blanc","year":"1981","journal-title":"Monogr Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0255902.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-001-0263-3","article-title":"Quality of placental pathology reports","volume":"6","author":"TY Khong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"pone.0255902.ref067","first-page":"383","article-title":"The prevalence and distribution of acute placental inflammation in uncomplicated term pregnancies","volume":"73","author":"CM Salafia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509150","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy","volume":"374","author":"A Kakuru","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref069","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Newborn: improving survival and well being (fact sheet) 2020. Access date: Dec 29th 2020; (https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/newborns-reducing-mortality)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570379","article-title":"Role of the Placenta in Preterm Birth: A Review","volume":"33","author":"TK Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0255902.ref071","first-page":"249","article-title":"Placental pathology associated with small for gestational age infants","volume":"107","author":"J Thorne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0255902.ref072","article-title":"Timing of Histologic Progression from Chorio-Deciduitis to Chorio-Deciduo-Amnionitis in the Setting of Preterm Labor and Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes with Sterile Amniotic Fluid","volume":"10","author":"CW Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0255902.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00058","article-title":"Bacterial aetiological agents of intra-amniotic infections and preterm birth in pregnant women","volume":"3","author":"GL Mendz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"237","key":"pone.0255902.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"K Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0255902.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.1093","article-title":"De-Discovery of the Placenta Microbiome","volume":"220","author":"FD Bushman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0255902.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(03)00110-6","article-title":"Infection as a cause of preterm birth","volume":"30","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0255902.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.866","article-title":"The preterm birth syndrome: a prototype phenotypic classification","volume":"206","author":"J Villar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T19:03:19Z","timestamp":1628794999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255902"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claudio Romero Farias","family":"Marinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255902","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}