{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:48:56Z","timestamp":1792788536274,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) through the JEAI-IMPALA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The spread of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistant parasites remains one of the major challenges for malaria control and elimination in Sub Saharan Africa. Monitoring of molecular markers conferring resistance to different antimalarials is important to track the spread of resistant parasites and to optimize the therapeutic lifespan of current drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of known mutations in the drug resistance genes\n                    <jats:italic>Pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhfr and Pfdhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    in two different epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Dried blood spots collected in 2018 and 2019 from asymptomatic individuals were used for DNA extraction and then the\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status was determined byPCR. Detection of SNPs was performed by nested PCR followed by allele-specific restriction analysis (ASRA). The prevalence of each genotype was compared between sites using the Chi square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests. A high prevalence of the\n                    <jats:italic>Pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    K76 wild type allele was found in both sites (88.5 and 62.29% respectively; P&lt; 0,0001). The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations 86Y and 1246Y was respectively 55.83 and 1.45% in Mfou and 45.87 and 5.97% in Tibati, with significant difference between the studied areas (P&lt;0.0001). Overall, the\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    triple-mutant genotype (51I\/59R\/108N) was highly prevalent (&gt; 96%), however no SNP was detected at codon 164. In\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the prevalence of the 437G mutation reached (90%) and was at higher frequency in Mfou (P&lt; 0.0001). Overall, the\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations 540E and 581G were less common (0.33 and 3.26%, respectively). The quadruple resistant genotype (\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    51I\/59R\/108N+\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhp<\/jats:italic>\n                    437G) was found almost 90% of the samples. The wild-type genotype (\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    N51\/C59\/S108\/164I+\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    A437\/K540\/A581) was never identified and the sextuple mutant (\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    51I\/59R\/108N+\n                    <jats:italic>Pfdhp<\/jats:italic>\n                    437G\/540E\/581G), kwon as super resistant appeared in two samples from Tibati. These findings demonstrate declining trends in the prevalence of mutations conferring resistance to 4-aminoquinolines, especially to chloroquine. However, a high level of mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes related to SP resistance was detected and this raises concerns about the future efficacy of IPTp-SP and SMC in Cameroon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T14:59:20Z","timestamp":1629385160000},"page":"e0256343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antimalarial drug resistance in the Central and Adamawa regions of Cameroon: Prevalence of mutations in P. falciparum crt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aline Gaelle Bouopda","family":"Tuedom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elangwe Milo","family":"Sarah-Matio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole Else Eboumbou","family":"Moukoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice Lionel","family":"Feufack-Donfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle Ngou","family":"Maffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Ngano","family":"Bayibeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann Parfait","family":"Awono-Ambene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Ayong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Morlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-0881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandrine Eveline","family":"Nsango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0256343.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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