{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T22:15:25Z","timestamp":1774131325119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Chair Grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency","award":["P-15-50004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-15-50004"]}]},{"name":"the Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology of Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","award":["GCE 59-009-30-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCE 59-009-30-005"]}]},{"name":"the Tuition\/Fee and Stipend Scholarship for Graduate Students"},{"name":"a scholarship from Chulalongkorn University Graduate School"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human norovirus is a leading cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis, which affects all age groups and are found globally. Infections are highly contagious and often occur as outbreaks. Periodic emergence of new strains are not uncommon and novel variants are named after the place of first reported nucleotide sequence. Here, we identified human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant in stool samples from Thai patients presented with acute gastroenteritis. Comparison of amino acid residues deduced from the viral nucleotide sequence with those of historical and contemporary norovirus GII.4 strains revealed notable differences, which mapped to the defined antigenic sites of the viral major capsid protein. Time-scaled phylogenetic analysis suggests that GII.4 Hong Kong shared common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka first reported in 2007, and more importantly, did not evolve from the now-prevalent GII.4 Sydney lineage. As circulation of norovirus minor variants can lead to eventual widespread transmission in susceptible population, this study underscores the potential emergence of the GII.4 Hong Kong variant, which warrants vigilant molecular epidemiological surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T17:44:00Z","timestamp":1629740640000},"page":"e0256572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant shares common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka and emerged in Thailand in 2016"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Watchaporn","family":"Chuchaona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jira","family":"Chansaenroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiratchaya","family":"Puenpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarawut","family":"Khongwichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumeth","family":"Korkong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-8728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sompong","family":"Vongpunsawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-6807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256572.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70767-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256572.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130482","article-title":"Acute gastroenteritis surveillance through the National Outbreak Reporting System, United States","volume":"19","author":"AJ Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0256572.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes","volume":"100","author":"P Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256572.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.01.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus evolution","volume":"19","author":"RA Bull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256572.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1086\/605127","article-title":"Norovirus illness is a global problem: emergence and spread of norovirus GII.4 variants, 2001\u20132007.","volume":"200","author":"JJ Siebenga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5438","key":"pone.0256572.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5438.287","article-title":"X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid","volume":"286","author":"BV Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0256572.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12828","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903562116","article-title":"High-resolution cryo-EM structures of outbreak strain human norovirus shells reveal size variations","volume":"116","author":"J Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0256572.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803275105","article-title":"Atomic resolution structural characterization of recognition of histo-blood group antigens by Norwalk virus","volume":"105","author":"JM Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256572.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02174","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02174-18","article-title":"Human norovirus neutralized by a monoclonal antibody targeting the histo-blood group antigen pocket","volume":"93","author":"AD Koromyslova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0256572.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jiaa116","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa116","article-title":"Genotype-specific neutralization of norovirus is mediated by antibodies against the protruding domain of the major capsid protein","author":"LA Ford-Siltz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256572.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.11.011","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants.","volume":"56","author":"TN Hoa Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256572.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa067","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa067","article-title":"Preadaptation of pandemic GII.4 noroviruses in unsampled virus reservoirs years before emergence.","volume":"6","author":"C Ruis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256572.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203351","article-title":"Detection of Norovirus Variant GII.4 Hong Kong in Asia and Europe, 2017\u20132019.","volume":"27","author":"MC Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256572.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.021","article-title":"Emergence of multiple norovirus strains in Thailand, 2015\u20132017.","volume":"61","author":"T Thanusuwannasak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256572.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.190365","article-title":"Recombinant GII.Pe-GII.4 Norovirus, Thailand, 2017\u20132018.","volume":"25","author":"W Chuchaona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0256572.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2545-5","article-title":"Human norovirus genogroup II recombinants in Thailand, 2009\u20132014.","volume":"160","author":"T Phumpholsup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"pone.0256572.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15K","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc15k01s31","article-title":"Human norovirus detection and production, quantification, and storage of virus-like particles.","volume":"31","author":"K Debbink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256572.ref018","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT.","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Symp Ser"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256572.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.03.006","article-title":"An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses.","volume":"51","author":"A Kroneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256572.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256572.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537","article-title":"BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis.","volume":"10","author":"R Bouckaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256572.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999","article-title":"Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination","volume":"73","author":"KS Lole","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0256572.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8635","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00848-11","article-title":"Structural analysis of histo-blood group antigen binding specificity in a norovirus GII.4 epidemic variant: implications for epochal evolution","volume":"85","author":"S Shanker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256572.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02202","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02202-19","article-title":"Population Genomics of GII.4 Noroviruses Reveal Complex Diversification and New Antigenic Sites Involved in the Emergence of Pandemic Strains.","volume":"10","author":"K Tohma","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0256572.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.12.018","article-title":"and inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of noroviruses","volume":"234","author":"J Deval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256572.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vez048","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez048","article-title":"Emergence of norovirus strains: A tale of two genes.","volume":"5","author":"GI Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256572.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179572","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179572","article-title":"The emerging GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus lineage is circulating worldwide, arose by late-2014 and contains polymerase changes that may increase virus transmission.","volume":"12","author":"C Ruis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256572.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201229","article-title":"Decreased Influenza Incidence under COVID-19 Control Measures, Singapore","volume":"26","author":"RJJ Soo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0256572.ref029","first-page":"2753","article-title":"Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influenza after COVID-19 Outbreak, Hong Kong, China","volume":"26","author":"NS Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256572.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab093","article-title":"Impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on norovirus outbreaks: An analysis of outbreaks reported by 9 US states","volume":"224","author":"ANM Kraay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256572.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204756","article-title":"Global Trends in Norovirus Genotype Distribution among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"27","author":"JL Cannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256572","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T17:44:42Z","timestamp":1629740682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256572"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Donna A.","family":"MacDuff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]}}}