{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:16:51Z","timestamp":1784830611748,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Administraci\u00f3n de Parques Nacionales, Argentina"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"wildlife Management Masters Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sarcoptic mange epidemics can devastate wildlife populations. In 2014, mange was first detected in vicu\u00f1as (\n                    <jats:italic>Vicugna vicugna<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and guanacos (\n                    <jats:italic>Lama guanicoe<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in San Guillermo National Park (SGNP), Argentina. This study describes the temporal dynamics of the outbreak, its effects on the park\u2019s wild camelid populations between 2017\u20132019, and investigates the potential source of the epidemic. From May 2017 to June 2018, transect surveys indicated a sharp decrease in the density of living vicu\u00f1as and guanacos by 68% and 77%, respectively. By April 2019 no vicu\u00f1as or guanacos were recorded on transect surveys, suggesting their near-extinction in the park. Clinical signs consistent with mange (e.g., intense scratching, hyperkeratosis, alopecia) were observed in 24% of living vicu\u00f1as (n = 478) and 33% of living guanacos (n = 12) during surveys, as well as in 94% of vicu\u00f1a carcasses (n = 124) and 85% of guanaco carcasses (n = 20) examined.\n                    <jats:italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified as the causal agent by skin scrapings, and the cutaneous lesions were characterized by histopathology (n = 15). Genetic characterization revealed that mites recovered from seven vicu\u00f1as (n = 13) and three guanacos (n = 11) shared the same genotype, which is consistent with a single source and recent origin of the epidemic. Tracing the potential source, we identified a governmental livestock incentive program which introduced llamas (\n                    <jats:italic>Lama glama<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in areas adjacent to SGNP in 2009, some of which had alopecic scaling consistent with sarcoptic mange. Though at the time of our study no llamas with mange were available for confirmatory sampling, we hypothesize that the introduction of mange-infected llamas may have triggered the outbreak in wild camelids. This unprecedented event in SGNP had devastating effects on dominating herbivores with potentially profound cascading effects at the community and ecosystem levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T14:20:37Z","timestamp":1642774837000},"page":"e0256616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Sarcoptic mange outbreak decimates South American wild camelid populations in San Guillermo National Park, Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hebe del Valle","family":"Ferreyra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-4828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ralph E. T.","family":"Vanstreels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Donadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3525-541X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcela M.","family":"Uhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5452","key":"pone.0256616.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2014threats to biodiversity and human health","volume":"287","author":"P Daszak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256616.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00336.x","article-title":"Disease and endangered species: the black\u2010footed ferret as a recent example","volume":"2","author":"ET Thorne","year":"1988","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256616.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605300021748","article-title":"The Mednyi Arctic foxes: treating a population imperiled by disease.","volume":"30","author":"M Goltsman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0256616.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003602","article-title":"Historical mammal extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) correlates with introduced infectious disease.","volume":"3","author":"KB Wyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5992","key":"pone.0256616.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188594","article-title":"An emerging disease causes regional population collapse of a common North American bat species","volume":"329","author":"WF Frick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0256616.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange: An emerging panzootic in wildlife.","volume":"00","author":"LE Escobar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256616.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000.ch5","volume-title":"Parasitic Disease of Wild Mammals","author":"S Bornstein","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256616.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in wildlife.","volume":"21","author":"DB Pence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256616.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.4.112","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-west Surrey","volume":"152","author":"P. 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