{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:22:22Z","timestamp":1791915742819,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University High-level Talents Research Initiation Fund Project","award":["NDYB2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDYB2019-3"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University High-level Talents Research Initiation Fund Project","award":["NDYB2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDYB2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Supported by State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology Foundation","award":["SKLVBF201912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLVBF201912"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Grassland Innovative Talent Team Project","award":["20151031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20151031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paratuberculosis a contagious and chronic disease in domestic and wild ruminants, is caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MAP). Typical clinical signs include intractable diarrhea, progressive emaciation, proliferative enteropathy, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Paratuberculosis is endemic to many parts of the world and responsible for considerable economic losses. In this study, different types of paratuberculosis and MAP in sheep and goats were investigated in Inner Mongolia, a northern province in China contiguous with two countries and eight other provinces. A total of 4434 serum samples were collected from six cities in the western, central, and eastern regions of Inner Mongolia and analyzed using the ELISA test. In addition, tissue samples were collected from seven animals that were suspected to be infected with MAP. Finally, these tissues samples were analyzed by histopathological examination followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA), and a sequence analysis of five genes. Among all 4434 ruminant serum samples collected from the six cities in the western, central, and eastern regions of Inner Mongolia, 7.60% (337\/4434) measured positive for the MAP antibody. The proportions of positive MAP antibody results for serum samples collected in the western, central, and eastern regions were 5.10% (105\/2058), 6.63% (85\/1282), and 13.44% (147\/1094), respectively. For the seven suspected infected animals selected from the herd with the highest rate of positivity, the gross pathology and histopathology of the necropsied animals were found to be consistent with the pathological features of paratuberculosis. The PCR analysis further confirmed the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. The rest of the results demonstrated that herds of sheep and goats in Inner Mongolia were infected with both MAP type II and type III. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the two subtypes of MAP strains in sheep and goats in Inner Mongolia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T17:59:20Z","timestamp":1631037560000},"page":"e0256628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Serological investigation and genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep and goats in Inner Mongolia, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Min","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Liang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeng-Qiang","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirintai","family":"Sulijid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Long","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Guo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4432-9433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0256628.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.08.001","article-title":"Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)","volume":"6","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256628.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029905001007","article-title":"Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne\u2019s disease on dairy operations in the USA","volume":"72","author":"WC Losinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2234-5","article-title":"Phylogenomic exploration of the relationships between strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"JM Bryant","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1703-1712.2004","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from wild animal species","volume":"42","author":"AS Motiwala","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5345-5348.2004","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains isolated from Crohn\u2019s disease patients and animal species exhibit similar polymorphic locus patterns","volume":"42","author":"AH Ghadiali","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(97)80001-1","article-title":"The pathology and pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants and other species","volume":"116","author":"CJ Clarke","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256628.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-017-0054-x","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis\u2013An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016","volume":"4","author":"R Dziedzinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Clin Micro Rpt"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031947","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of the emerging infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"7","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0466","article-title":"Natural paratuberculosis infection in rabbits in Scotland","volume":"124","author":"PM Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0637-y","article-title":"Association between cattle herd Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection and infection of a hare population","volume":"46","author":"M Salgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2012.06.010","article-title":"First isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a dairy goat in Argentina: Pathology and molecular characterization","volume":"108","author":"MA Fiorentino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256628.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880700893X","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of Greek sheep and goats","volume":"136","author":"M Florou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v88i0.1441","article-title":"Paratuberculosis in a domestic dog in South Africa","volume":"88","author":"MA Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256628.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.3.629","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from feral cats on a dairy farm with MAPinfected cattle","volume":"41","author":"MV Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256628.ref015","first-page":"32","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging deer and rabbits surrounding Minnesota dairy herds","volume":"69","author":"EA Raizman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0256628.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.009","article-title":"Distribution of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in a German zoological garden determined by IS900 semi-nested and quantitative real-time pcr","volume":"163","author":"P M\u00fcnster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256628.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.691","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in two brown bears in the central European Carpathians","volume":"42","author":"M Kopecna","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256628.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.04.001","article-title":"Paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the Czech Republic (1999\u20132001)","volume":"101","author":"M Machackova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0256628.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317078","article-title":"Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"RJ Chiodini","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256628.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149017","article-title":"Genome-Wide Diversity and Phylogeography of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Canadian Dairy Cattle","volume":"11","author":"C Ahlstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010070","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Ovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Strain JIII-386 (MAP-S\/type III) and Its Comparison to MAP-S\/type I, MAP-C, and M. avium Complex Genomes","volume":"9","author":"D Wibberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256628.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.795-799.1998","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of Useful Bacterium-specific PCR Primers That Amplify Genes Coding for Bacterial 16S rRNA","volume":"64","author":"JR Marchesi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0256628.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4760-4762.2002","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Strains from Cattle and Sheep Can Be Distinguished by a PCR Test Based on a Novel DNA Sequence Difference","volume":"40","author":"DM Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1999.0227","article-title":"PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis for identification and strain typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium based on polymorphisms in IS1311","volume":"13","author":"I Marsh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probe"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.016","article-title":"Comparison of 13 single-round and nested PCR assays targeting IS900, ISMav2, f57 and locus 255 for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis","volume":"126","author":"P M\u00f6bius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0092-6","article-title":"The isolation and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Shandong province, China","volume":"8","author":"RC Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.019","article-title":"Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats","volume":"181","author":"PA Windsor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2015.11.003","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in ruminants in different parts of India","volume":"5","author":"GG Sonawane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J mycobacteriol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256628.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1998.0194","article-title":"Polymorphisms in IS1311, an insertion sequence common to Mycobacterium avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, can be used to distinguish between and within these species","volume":"12","author":"R Whittington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probe"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256628.ref030","first-page":"55","article-title":"Application of IS1311 locus 2 PCR-REA assay for the specific detection of \u2019Bison type\u2019 Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates of Indian origin","volume":"141","author":"AV Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256628.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2001.0346","article-title":"Typing of IS1311 polymorphisms confirms that bison (Bison bison) with paratuberculosis in Montana are infected with a strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis distinct from that occurring in cattle and other domesticated livestock","volume":"15","author":"RJ Whittington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probe"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256628.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.1081-1083.2006","article-title":"Insertion sequence IS900 revisited","volume":"44","author":"M Semret","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256628.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00544-09","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IS900 sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are strain type specific","volume":"47","author":"E Castellanos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.11.2772-2775.1992","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity within Mycobacterium fortuitum complex species: genotypic criteria for identification","volume":"30","author":"P Kirschner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256628.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12107","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Sheep Strains Isolated from Cyprus Sheep and Goats","volume":"62","author":"M Liapi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0256628.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.09.010","article-title":"Bayesian estimation of the true prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in Cypriot dairy sheep and goat flocks","volume":"95","author":"M Liapi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0203-2","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenesis: a review","volume":"46","author":"K Stevenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0256628.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20967","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"CD Kirkwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0256628.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1699-6","article-title":"Fecal detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis using the IS900 DNA sequence in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis patients and healthy subjects","volume":"56","author":"A Tuci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256628.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01958-15","article-title":"Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Assay for Genotyping Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis","volume":"54","author":"C Le\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256628.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022171","article-title":"Exploring the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through comparative genomics","volume":"6","author":"JW Wynne","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0256628.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0518-7","article-title":"Serological, culture and molecular survey of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in a goat flock in Tuscany","volume":"62","author":"A Galiero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0256628.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8204","article-title":"Clinical disease and stage of lactation influence shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk and colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"JR Stabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256628.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.5.966","article-title":"Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR","volume":"68","author":"JL Ellingson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256628.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0226","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from muscle tissue of naturally infected cattle","volume":"6","author":"M Alonso-Hearn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T18:00:15Z","timestamp":1631037615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256628"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yung-Fu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}}}