{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:32:06Z","timestamp":1747229526584,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysian Society for Environmental Epidemiology","award":["MySEE\/Grant\/2020\/Bil(3)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MySEE\/Grant\/2020\/Bil(3)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction\/background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dengue fever remains a public health threat despite being preventable. A solution to the constant problem of dengue infection will require active intervention and a paradigm shift. Assessing perceived risk and correlating it with the attitude and practice of the community will help in designing appropriate measures. However, possible instruments for these assessments come with limitations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim is to develop and validate a new scoring-based questionnaire, using dual statistical approaches to measure risk perception, attitude, and practices (RPAP) related to dengue in the community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RPAP questionnaire was developed bilingually using the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR) guidelines. Content analysis was reviewed scrupulously by four expert panels. The initial 35-item scale was tested among 253 Malaysian respondents recruited non-probabilistically via multiple online platforms. Two statistical methods were employed to measure the construct validity: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as part of the Classical Test Theory (CTT) measurement, while Rasch Measurement Analysis (Rasch) was performed for the Item Response Theory (IRT) measurement. All results were cross-validated with their counterpart to ensure stability. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to obtain a model fit index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>29 questions were retained after the final analysis. Both EFA and Rasch analysis detect multidimensionality. Nine latent factors were extracted from EFA, while only eight factors remained in the final model following CFA: 1) perceived susceptibility; 2) perceived severity; 3) perceived barrier; 4) perceived benefit; 5) cues to action; 6) self-efficacy; 7) attitude; and 8) practice. All items had adequate factor loadings and showed good internal consistency. The final model after CFA achieved a good fit with an RMSEA value of 0.061, SRMR of 0.068, PNFI of 0.649, and GFI of 0.996.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RPAP questionnaire contains 29 items and is a reliable and accurate psychometric instrument for measuring the risk perception of dengue fever, attitude, and practice of the community in dengue prevention. The Rasch measurement provides additional rigour to complement the CTT analysis. This RPAP questionnaire is suitable for use in studies related to dengue prevention in the community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T17:41:09Z","timestamp":1629826869000},"page":"e0256636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A unique double tango: Construct validation and reliability analysis of risk perception, attitude and practice (RPAP) questionnaire on dengue infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2381-0068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohd \u2018Ammar Ihsan Ahmad","family":"Zamzuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Nazrin","family":"Jamhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-3596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasanain","family":"Faisal Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhamad Hazizi","family":"Muhamad Hasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor Khalili","family":"Mohd Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Faid","family":"Abd. Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rozita","family":"Hod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahmat","family":"Dapari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rohaizat","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0256636.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref002","first-page":"5","author":"RN Mudin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dengue Incidence and the Prevention and Control Program in Malaysia"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref003","article-title":"Estimating dengue incidence and hospitalization in Malaysia, 2001 to 2013","volume":"18","author":"YL Woon","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref004","first-page":"433","article-title":"Dry season survival of Aedes aegypti eggs in various breeding sites in the Dar es Salaam area, Tanzania","volume":"47","author":"M Trpis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00755.x","article-title":"Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: Effects on resident species and on human health","volume":"8","author":"SA Juliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008362","article-title":"Evidence of transovarial transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses in fieldcaught mosquitoes in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"CJ Heath","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2194-5","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of DENV in Aedes aegypti in the Amazon basin: a local model of xenomonitoring","volume":"10","author":"CF Da Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193326","article-title":"Factors determining dengue outbreak in Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practice among communities living in hotspot and non-hotspot areas of dengue in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"NA Ghani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"article-title":"Knowledge and Practices Regarding Aedes Control Amongst Residents of Dengue Hotspot Areas in Selangor: A Cross-Sectional Study Knowledge and Practices Regarding Aedes Control Amongst Residents of Dengue Hotspot Areas in Selangor: A Cross-Sectional Study","year":"2019","author":"Z-I Zaini","key":"pone.0256636.ref010"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref011","first-page":"538","article-title":"Evaluation of communication for behavioral impact (COMBI) program in dengue prevention: A qualitative and quantitative study in Selangor","volume":"42","author":"MN Azmawati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6155-5_10","volume-title":"Technological Risk Assessment","author":"VT Covello","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011729","article-title":"Communication and interpretation of risk","volume":"54","author":"JR Eiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.09.072","article-title":"Guidelines for Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Non-Technical Skills Rating Instruments","volume":"19","author":"JP Repo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Heal"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref015","first-page":"424","article-title":"A Systematic Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21)","volume":"68","author":"I Rosnah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref016","first-page":"256","article-title":"Scale Development Theory and Applications (Fourth Edition Robert)","volume":"4","author":"RF DeVellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Publ"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref017","unstructured":"Richardus JH, de Bekker-Grob E, Korfage I, et al. Standard questionnaire on risk perception. Eff Commun Outbreak Manag, http:\/\/ecomeu.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Standard-questionnaire-risk-perception-ECOM-november-2015.pdf (2015)."},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref018","unstructured":"Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. Laporan Survei Penggunaan Dan Capaian Ict Oleh Individu Dan Isi Rumah Ict 2020. 2021; 1\u2013125."},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.1.84","article-title":"Sample size in factor analysis","volume":"4","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref020","article-title":"Advantages of the Rasch Model for Analysis and Interpretation of Attitudes: the Case of the Benevolent Sexism Subscale","volume":"18","author":"JA Zamora-Araya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Evaluar"},{"volume-title":"Rasch Model Fundamentals: Scale Construct and Measurement Structure","year":"2010","author":"A Abdul Aziz","key":"pone.0256636.ref021"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20170252","article-title":"Validity and reliability of an instrument assessing the associated factors for preventive behavior towards dengue","volume":"4","author":"NA Ghafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref023","unstructured":"Nasir Abdullah M, Nor Hazimah Wan Azib W, Fauzi Mohd Harun M, et al. Reliability and Construct Validity of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue Fever Prevention Questionnaire, www.aijcrnet.com (2013, accessed 11 February 2021)."},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref024","first-page":"297","article-title":"Dengue prevention: Confirmatory factor analysis of relationships between economic status, knowledge, attitudes and practice, vaccine acceptance and willingness to participate in a study","volume":"48","author":"H Harapan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33151\/ajp.8.3.93","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices EDUCATION Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices","volume":"8","author":"B Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas J Paramed"},{"volume-title":"Factor Analysis","year":"2015","author":"L G Richard","key":"pone.0256636.ref026"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref027","article-title":"Understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations associated with community gardening to improve environmental public health prevention and intervention","volume":"16","author":"MDR Andreotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00835","article-title":"Motivating the unmotivated: how can health behavior be changed in those unwilling to change?","volume":"6","author":"SJ Hardcastle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315814698","volume-title":"Applying the Rasch Model. In Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences","author":"TG Bond","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164418783530","article-title":"Understanding the Model Size Effect on SEM Fit Indices","volume":"79","author":"D Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000144","article-title":"Thanks coefficient alpha, We\u2019ll take it from here","volume":"23","author":"D McNeish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116656239","article-title":"Making Reliability Reliable","volume":"19","author":"E Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164416658325","article-title":"Testing the Difference Between Reliability Coefficients Alpha and Omega","volume":"77","author":"L Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1950-z","article-title":"Reliability, Population Classification and Weighting in Multidimensional Poverty Measurement: A Monte Carlo Study","volume":"142","author":"HE N\u00e1jera Catal\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"volume-title":"Diabetes Mellitus\u2014Insights and Perspectives","year":"2013","author":"A Shahab","key":"pone.0256636.ref035"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005129","article-title":"Use of the Health Belief Model for the Assessment of Public Knowledge and Household Preventive Practices in Karachi, Pakistan, a Dengue-Endemic City","volume":"10","author":"TR Siddiqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5553-z","article-title":"Factors associated with dengue prevention behaviour in Lowokwaru, Malang, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"AN Rakhmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref038","article-title":"Health Beliefs and Practices Related to Dengue Fever: A Focus Group Study","volume":"7","author":"LP Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref039","article-title":"Community Knowledge, Health Beliefs, Practices and Experiences Related to Dengue Fever and Its Association with IgG Seropositivity","volume":"8","author":"LP Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref040","article-title":"Factors affecting dengue prevention practices: Nationwide survey of the Malaysian public","volume":"10","author":"LP Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref041","first-page":"90","article-title":"A qualitative analysis: using the Health Belief Model to explain Dengue fever in two communities in Trinidad and Tobago","volume":"2","author":"V Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dep Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.44.2.7","article-title":"Health belief model of persistent dengue transmission in Klaten, Indonesia","volume":"44","author":"A Diptyanusa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0326-7","article-title":"Differences in Perceived Severity of Zika Virus Infection and Dengue Fever and its Influence on Mosquito Control Practices in Malaysia","volume":"42","author":"LP Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176362","article-title":"Perceived severity and susceptibility towards leptospirosis infection in Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"S Sukeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.006","article-title":"Perceived benefits and barriers and self-efficacy affecting the attendance of health education programs among uninsured primary care patients","volume":"59","author":"A Kamimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212497","article-title":"Public perception and attitude towards dengue prevention activity and response to dengue early warning in Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"R Zaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.68","article-title":"Community Participation, Dengue Fever Prevention and Control Practices in Swat, Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"A Zahir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref048","volume-title":"Pengurusan Demam Denggi Pendekatan Ekobiososial","author":"R Hod","year":"2020","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66212-5","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and dengue seroprevalence in a dengue hotspot in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"S Selvarajoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref050","unstructured":"Potaka L, Cochrane S. Developing Bilingual Questionnaires: Experiences from New Zealand in the Development of the 2001 M\u00e4ori Language Survey."},{"key":"pone.0256636.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810374220","article-title":"Translation of questionnaire increases the response rate in immigrants: Filling the language gap or feeling of inclusion?","volume":"38","author":"T Moradi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1725685820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256636"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammed Abdelfatah Mosa","family":"Alhoot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256636","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}