{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:06:19Z","timestamp":1790672779402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["298645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["298645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate how various laboratory- and field-based tests predict on-snow cross-country (XC) skiing and roller-skiing performance. Thirty-three national-level male XC skiers (19.0\u00b12.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake [VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>] 70.8\u00b14.7 mL\u00b7min<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\u00b7kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) performed a 13.6-km roller-ski skating competition tracked by a global positioning system (GPS), which together with individual distance International Ski Federation (FIS) points was used to assess their performance level. On separate days, time in a 6.4-km uphill running time-trial (RUN-TT) and 1.3-km uphill roller-ski double-poling time-trial (DP-TT) was measured in the field and performance indices determined while running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory. The mean finishing times for the RUN-TT and the DP-TT showed moderate to large correlations with distance FIS points and performance in the roller-ski skating competition (r = 0.56\u20130.72; all p&lt;0.05). RUN-TT was more strongly correlated with distance FIS points than DP-TT (r = 0.72 versus 0.56; p&lt;0.05). Performance indices and VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> in incremental running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory showed large to very large correlations with distance FIS points and roller-skiing performance (r = 0.50\u20130.90; all p&lt;0.05). Performance indices and VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> in running tended to be more strongly correlated with roller-skiing performance than corresponding values obtained while roller-ski skating (all p&lt;0.10). The present findings suggest that both laboratory performance indices and field-based performance tests provide valid predictions of XC skiing and roller-skiing performance in a heterogeneous group of male XC skiers, with test values obtained in running tending to be more strongly correlated with XC skiing performance than those found for technique-specific modalities on roller skis. However, more sophisticated and mode-specific testing might be required for more homogenous groups of elite XC skiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T17:46:55Z","timestamp":1629827215000},"page":"e0256662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Laboratory- and field-based performance-predictions in cross-country skiing and roller-skiing"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-2451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rune Kj\u00f8sen","family":"Talsnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guro Str\u00f8m","family":"Solli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kocbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per-\u00d8yvind","family":"Torvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-5152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Sandbakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256662.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0749","article-title":"Physiological Capacity and Training Routines of Elite Cross-Country Skiers: Approaching the Upper Limits of Human Endurance","volume":"12","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256662.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0431","article-title":"Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"E T\u00f8nnessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256662.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00267.x","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake as a predictor of performance ability in women and men elite cross-country skiers","volume":"1","author":"F Ingjer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256662.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000862","article-title":"The Physiological Capacity of the World\u2019s Highest Ranked Female Cross-country Skiers","volume":"48","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01069","article-title":"The Training Characteristics of the World\u2019s Most Successful Female Cross-Country Skier","volume":"8","author":"GS Solli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256662.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0066","article-title":"Physiological differences between sprint- and distance-specialized cross-country skiers","volume":"9","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of sports physiology and performance"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0256662.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199511000-00013","article-title":"Upper-body testing of cross-country skiers","volume":"27","author":"B Bilodeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256662.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c4d358","article-title":"Racing performance and incremental double poling test on treadmill in elite female cross-country skiers","volume":"24","author":"N Fabre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256662.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701372685","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a new double poling ergometer for cross-country skiers","volume":"26","author":"HC Holmberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of sports sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256662.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1719-9","article-title":"Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance","volume":"111","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2011","journal-title":"European journal of applied physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256662.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01117.x","article-title":"The physiology of world-class sprint skiers","volume":"21","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00326","article-title":"Analysis of Classical Time-Trial Performance and Technique-Specific Physiological Determinants in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiers","volume":"7","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in physiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256662.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180537201","article-title":"Evaluation of an upper-body strength test for the cross-country skiing sprint","volume":"39","author":"T St\u00f6ggl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256662.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00020","article-title":"Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance","volume":"33","author":"NV Mahood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256662.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400022078","article-title":"Combined metabolic gas analyser and dGPS analysis of performance in cross-country skiing","volume":"23","author":"P Larsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of sports sciences"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00293","article-title":"The role of incline, performance level, and gender on the gross mechanical efficiency of roller ski skating","volume":"4","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256662.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31827368f6","article-title":"Seasonal variations in VO2max, O2-cost, O2-deficit, and performance in elite cross-country skiers","volume":"27","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256662.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","article-title":"Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science","volume":"30","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"S4","key":"pone.0256662.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12601","article-title":"The elite cross-country skier provides unique insights into human exercise physiology","volume":"25","author":"H-C Holmberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256662.ref020","first-page":"383","article-title":"Do Maximal Roller Skiing Speed and Double Poling Performance Predict Youth Cross-Country Skiing Performance?","volume":"16","author":"R St\u00f6ggl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of sports science & medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256662.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971133","article-title":"Upper body power comparison between groups of cross-country skiers and runners","volume":"20","author":"SE Gaskill","year":"1999","journal-title":"International journal of sports medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0256662.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0335","article-title":"Speed and heart-rate profiles in skating and classical cross-country skiing competitions","volume":"10","author":"CM Bolger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01425","article-title":"Tracking Performance in Endurance Racing Sports: Evaluation of the Accuracy Offered by Three Commercial GNSS Receivers Aimed at the Sports Market","volume":"9","author":"\u00d8 Gl\u00f8ersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in physiology"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref024","unstructured":"FIS. International Ski Federation Homologation Manual 2020 [cited 2021 08.03]. https:\/\/assets.fis-ski.com\/image\/upload\/v1594967048\/fis-prod\/assets\/FIS_homologation_manual_2020_jv_v1.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256662.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1372-3","article-title":"Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers","volume":"109","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2010","journal-title":"European journal of applied physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256662.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"key":"pone.0256662.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983808","volume-title":"Correlation: Parametric and Nonparametric Measures","author":"PY Chen","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256662.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04158-x","article-title":"Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing","volume":"119","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2019","journal-title":"European journal of applied physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256662.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0573-2","article-title":"Factors that Influence the Performance of Elite Sprint Cross-Country Skiers","volume":"47","author":"K H\u00e9bert-Losier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256662.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1535-2","article-title":"Analysis of sprint cross-country skiing using a differential global navigation satellite system","volume":"110","author":"E Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"European journal of applied physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256662.ref031","first-page":"124","article-title":"Impact of Incline, Sex and Level of Performance on Kinematics During a Distance Race in Classical Cross-Country Skiing","volume":"17","author":"T St\u00f6ggl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of sports science & medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T17:47:34Z","timestamp":1629827254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256662"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luca Paolo","family":"Ardig\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}