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Using this process, an ensemble ecological niche model for West Nile virus habitat prediction in the state of Florida was developed. This model was created through the weighted averaging of three separate machine learning models\u2014boosted regression tree, random forest, and maximum entropy\u2014developed for this study using sentinel chicken surveillance and remote sensing data. Variable importance differed among the models. The highest variable permutation value included mean dewpoint temperature for the boosted regression tree model, mean temperature for the random forest model, and wetlands focal statistics for the maximum entropy mode. Model validation resulted in area under the receiver curve predictive values ranging from good [0.8728 (95% CI 0.8422\u20130.8986)] for the maximum entropy model to excellent [0.9996 (95% CI 0.9988\u20131.0000)] for random forest model, with the ensemble model predictive value also in the excellent range [0.9939 (95% CI 0.9800\u20130.9979]. This model should allow mosquito control districts to optimize West Nile virus surveillance, improving detection and allowing for a faster, targeted response to reduce West Nile virus transmission potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T10:55:13Z","timestamp":1633776913000},"page":"e0256868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Ensemble ecological niche modeling of West Nile virus probability in Florida"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-8923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean P.","family":"Beeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5099-7820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0256868.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.15762","volume-title":"The Geographical Distribution of Mammals","author":"A Murray","year":"1866"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256868.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref003","volume-title":"Plant-geography Upon a Physiological Basis","author":"AFW Schimper","year":"1903"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.56234","volume-title":"Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation","author":"FE Clements","year":"1916"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref005","volume-title":"Plant Indicators: The Relation of Plant Communities to Process and Practice","author":"FE Clements","year":"1920"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref006","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Criticism of the Plant Association and Climatic Climax Concepts","volume":"25","author":"RH Whittaker","year":"1951","journal-title":"Northwest Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256868.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/1943519","article-title":"A Consideration of Climax Theory: The Climax as a Population and Pattern","volume":"23","author":"RH Whittaker","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256868.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1943577","article-title":"Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains","volume":"26","author":"RH Whittaker","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref009","first-page":"126","article-title":"Predicting Physiognomic Vegetation Types with Climate Variables","volume":"45","author":"EO Box","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vegetation"},{"key":"pone.0256868.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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