{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:54:18Z","timestamp":1791611658035,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to explore young people\u2019s experiences of the role and the processes underpinning the use of alcohol and\/or other substances in attempts to end their life. Seven young people, aged 16\u201325 years old, were interviewed using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse these interviews and develop an understanding of how young people understand their attempted suicide in the context of alcohol and\/or other substance use. The analysis identified four superordinate themes reflecting young people\u2019s experiences across the seven interviews. Superordinate themes included: i) The complexity of relationships; ii) The double-edged sword of alcohol and substance use; iii) The straw that broke the camel\u2019s back; and iv) Reflecting on the on-going processes of recovery. The results of this study highlight the complex and multifaceted functions of the consumption of alcohol, and other drugs, in the experiences of young people attempting suicide. Young people described a number of inter and intrapersonal factors which impact upon their suicidal experiences including suicidal ideation and attempts. Participants reported using alcohol and substances as methods of coping with distress, low mood, hearing voices, anxiety and mania. However they also reflected on the impact that this has on their own suicidal ideation and attempts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T17:53:23Z","timestamp":1630432403000},"page":"e0256915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A qualitative exploration of young people\u2019s experiences of attempted suicide in the context of alcohol and substance use"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-976X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Guest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Copello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Michail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0256915.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Suicide: Key Facts. 2009 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/suicide"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256915.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.02","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Suicide Rates among 10\u201319-Year-Olds in 29 OECD Countries","volume":"15","author":"B Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref003","unstructured":"Simms C, Scowcroft E, Isaken M, Potter J, Morrissey J. Suicide Statistics Report: Latest Statistics for the UK and Republic of Ireland. 2019"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref004","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Self Harm [QS34] 2013 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/qs34\/resources\/selfharm-pdf-2098606243525"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref005","unstructured":"Appleby L, Kapur N, Shaw J, Hunt I, Ibrahim S, Turnbull P, et al. National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health: Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. 2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256915.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12119","article-title":"Family factors associated with adolescent self-harm: A narrative review","volume":"38","author":"S Fortune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256915.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Meaning in life as a protective factor against suicidal tendencies in Chinese University students","volume":"20","author":"B Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256915.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126870","article-title":"Alcohol-related risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"N Darvishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256915.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9925-5","article-title":"Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: the role of violent behavior and substance use","volume":"42","author":"BJ Litwiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256915.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30030-6","article-title":"Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"6","author":"B Mars","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-5322-9_129","volume-title":"Milano Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives","author":"D. Shlosberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00056","article-title":"Serious suicide attempts: systematic review of psychological risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Y Gvion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: A global imperative. World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref014","article-title":"A closer look at substance use and suicide","author":"M Esang","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry Residents\u2019 Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0256915.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002841","article-title":"A meta-analysis of acute alcohol use and the risk of suicide attempt","volume":"47","author":"G Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256915.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867418774415","article-title":"Effective suicide prevention: Where is the discussion on alcohol?","volume":"52","author":"K Witt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0256915.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"International journal for quality in health care"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref018","author":"JA Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256915.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02004.x","article-title":"Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents","volume":"50","author":"HM Zinzow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of child Psychology and psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256915.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1262-x","article-title":"Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health","volume":"17","author":"ME Beutel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0256915.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.09.026","article-title":"Risk and protective factors predicting multiple suicide attempts","volume":"210","author":"KH Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry research"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0256915.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.8.741","article-title":"Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood","volume":"59","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0256915.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018697","article-title":"The interpersonal theory of suicide","volume":"117","author":"KA Van Orden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref024","volume-title":"Excessive appetites: A psychological view of addictions","author":"J Orford","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why adolescents attempt suicide: a qualitative study of the transition from ideation to action","author":"K. H. M. O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of suicide research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0256915.ref026","first-page":"34","article-title":"Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping Strategies of Suicide Attempters","volume":"9","author":"NT Yaz\u0131han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0256915.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22771","article-title":"Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"35","author":"S Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0256915.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1464027","article-title":"The association between distress tolerance and alcohol related problems: the pathway of drinking to cope","volume":"53","author":"AJ Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Substance use & misuse"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0256915.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197030","article-title":"Impact of alcohol policies on suicidal behavior: a systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"K K\u00f5lves","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0256915.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12100","article-title":"Resilience as regulation of developmental and family processes","volume":"64","author":"D MacPhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref031","unstructured":"England NHS. Future in mind: Promoting, protecting and improving our children and young people\u2019s mental health and wellbeing. London: Department of Health. 2015."},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref032","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Self-harm and Suicide Prevention Competence Framework: Children and Young People.2018 https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/pals\/sites\/pals\/files\/self-harm_and_suicide_prevention_competence_framework_-_children_and_young_8th_oct_18.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0256915.ref033","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking (high-risk drinking) and alcohol dependence [CG115]. 2011 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg115\/chapter\/1-Guidance#identification-and-assessment"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0256915.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2016.1192706","article-title":"Patients\u2019 experiences after attempted suicide: A literature review","volume":"37","author":"S Berglund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues in Mental Health Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0256915.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.4.414","article-title":"Rates and risk factors by ethnic group for suicides within a year of contact with mental health services in England and Wales","volume":"59","author":"KS Bhui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T17:54:49Z","timestamp":1630432489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256915"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Go\u00f1i","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256915","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}}}