{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:11:43Z","timestamp":1788268303286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nepal Health Research Council","award":["98\/2020 MT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98\/2020 MT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>According to WHO, the deaths due to NCDs in Nepal have soared from 60% of all deaths in 2014 to 66% in 2018. The study assessed the prevalence and determinants of non-communicable disease risk factors among adult population of Kathmandu.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020 among 18\u201369 years adults residing in municipalities of Kathmandu district. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 245 subjects who were interviewed using WHO NCD STEPS instrument. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were done to explore the determinants of NCD risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of current smoking, alcohol consumption, low intake of fruits and vegetables and low physical activity was found to be 22%, 31%, 93.9% and 10.2% respectively. More than half (52.2%) of the participants were overweight or obese and the prevalence of raised blood pressure was 27.8%. Smoking was associated significantly with male gender (AOR = 2.37, CI: 1.20\u20135.13) and respondents with no formal schooling (AOR: 4.33, CI: 1.50\u201312.48). Similarly, the odds of alcohol consumption were higher among male gender (AOR: 2.78, CI: 1.47\u20135.26), people who were employed (AOR: 2.30, CI: 1.13\u20134.82), and those who belonged to Chhetri (AOR: 2.83, CI: 1.19\u20136.72), Janajati (AOR: 6.18, CI: 2.74\u201313.90), Dalit and Madhesi, (AOR: 7.51, CI: 2.13\u201326.35) ethnic groups. Furthermore, respondents who were aged 30\u201344 years (AOR: 5.15, CI: 1.91\u201313.85) and 45\u201359 years (AOR: 4.54 CI: 1.63\u201312.66), who were in marital union (AOR: 3.39, CI: 1.25\u20139.13), and who belonged to Janajati (AOR: 3.37, CI: 1.61\u20137.04), Dalit and Madhesi (AOR: 4.62, CI: 1.26\u201316.86) ethnic groups were more likely to be associated with overweight or obesity. Additionally, the odds of raised blood pressure were higher among people who were of older age (AOR: 6.91, CI: 1.67\u201328.63) and those who belonged to Janajati ethnic group (AOR: 3.60, CI: 1.46\u20138.87) after multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings of the study highlighted high prevalence of behavioral and metabolic risk factors, which varied on different socio-demographic grounds. Thus, population specific health promotion interventions centered on public health interests is recommended to reduce risk factors of NCDs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T17:26:57Z","timestamp":1631122017000},"page":"e0257037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable disease risk factors among adult population of Kathmandu"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-8996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sitasnu","family":"Dahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram Bilakshan","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya Raj","family":"Niraula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Karkee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avaniendra","family":"Chakravartty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0257037.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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