{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:16:29Z","timestamp":1747196189909,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011251","name":"Northern Ontario Academic Medicine Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011251","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Northern Cancer Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic> infection (CDI) is the primary cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and responsible for over 500,000 enteric infections a year in the United States alone. Although most patients with CDI are successfully treated with metronidazole or vancomycin, the high rate of recurrence is still a serious problem, in which case these antibiotics are usually not very effective. The primary objective of this research is to develop a potentially effective therapeutic agent against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic> that are resistant to metronidazole or vancomycin. The susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin was examined with 194 <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates. Sixty of these isolates chosen based on a variety of criteria were examined for their susceptibility against the 4-chloro-1-piperidin-1ylmethyl-1H-indole-2,3-dione compound (Raja 42), a novel isatin\u2013benzothiazole analogue containing a gamma-lactam structure, as we previously found that this novel compound is effective against a variety of different bacteria. Most of the 60 isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, raising the possibility that they might have been exposed previously to these or structurally similar antibiotics (e.g., \u03b2-lactam and quinolone compounds). Among the isolates, 48 (80%) and 54 (90%) were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, respectively. Raja 42 was found to be effective against most of the isolates, especially so against metronidazole-resistant <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>. Most importantly, five isolates that show resistance to metronidazole and vancomycin were sensitive to Raja 42. Thus, Raja 42, a gamma lactam antibiotic, has the potential to effectively control <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic> strains that are resistant to metronidazole and vancomycin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T17:46:34Z","timestamp":1631036794000},"page":"e0257143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Raja 42, a novel gamma lactam compound, is effective against Clostridioides difficile"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-1818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexis","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Nokhbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Tilbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-477X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hoyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0257143.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408913","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States","volume":"372","author":"FC Lessa","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0257143.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0148-y","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection: clinical spectrum and approach to management","volume":"30","author":"C. 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