{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1771350091216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic continues to overwhelm health systems across the globe. We aimed to assess the readiness of hospitals in Nigeria to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Between April and October 2020, hospital representatives completed a modified World Health Organisation (WHO) COVID-19 hospital readiness checklist consisting of 13 components and 124 indicators. Readiness scores were classified as adequate (score \u226580%), moderate (score 50\u201379.9%) and not ready (score &lt;50%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 20 (17 tertiary and three secondary) hospitals from all six geopolitical zones of Nigeria, readiness score ranged from 28.2% to 88.7% (median 68.4%), and only three (15%) hospitals had adequate readiness. There was a median of 15 isolation beds, four ICU beds and four ventilators per hospital, but over 45% of hospitals established isolation facilities and procured ventilators after the onset of COVID-19. Of the 13 readiness components, the lowest readiness scores were reported for surge capacity (61.1%), human resources (59.1%), staff welfare (50%) and availability of critical items (47.7%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most hospitals in Nigeria were not adequately prepared to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak. Current efforts to strengthen hospital preparedness should prioritize challenges related to surge capacity, critical care for COVID-19 patients, and staff welfare and protection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1632246681000},"page":"e0257567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A national survey of hospital readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-6300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimie","family":"Ogoina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalhat","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abisoye Sunday","family":"Oyeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogochukwu Chinedum","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Kwaghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zayaid","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uche","family":"Unigwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Onyebuchi","family":"Iroezindu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-421X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Musa Abubakar","family":"Garbati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Rotifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olukemi","family":"Adekanmbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8449-4674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iliyasu","family":"Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8920-6483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farouq Muhammad","family":"Dayyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanusi Mohammed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Musa","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adamu","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Datonye","family":"Alasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sati Klein","family":"Awang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Oghenevwirhe","family":"Ohaju-Obodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabi","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahaya","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayanfe","family":"Omololu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaete Alice","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvanus","family":"Okogbenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Asogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-7861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iraoyah","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bala","family":"Waziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliyu Mamman","family":"Nauzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Jibrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrazaq Garba","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0257567.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Weekly epidemiological update\u20145 January 2021 [Internet]. 2021 Jan. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update\u20145-january-2021"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO ramps up preparedness for novel coronavirus in the African region [Internet]. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref003","first-page":"871","article-title":"Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study","volume":"395","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref004","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. First case of corona virus disease confirmed in Nigeria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 8 Jan 2021]. https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/news\/227\/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref005","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organisation. Hospital Readiness actions for the response to COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 Jun. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/52244"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref006","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Experiences of hospital management and outbreak control in the context of COVID-19 outbreak and reflections on lessons learned from Hong Kong, Singapore and the Republic of Korea [Internet]. Geneva; 2020 Apr. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/experiences-of-hospital-management-and-outbreak-control-in-the-context-of-covid-19-outbreak-and-reflections-on-lessons-learned-from-hong-kong-singapore-and-the-republic-of-korea"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. List of priority medical devices for COVID-19 case management [Internet]. 2020 Apr. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/list-of-priority-medical-devices-for-covid-19-case-management"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref008","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: rights,roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-outbreak-rights-roles-and-responsibilities-of-health-workers-including-key-considerations-for-occupational-safety-and-health"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref009","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO African Region COVID-19 Readiness Status by Country [Internet]. 2020 [cited 29 Dec 2020]. https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/view?r=eyJrIjoiMzQwODk3NDYtOTIwYy00MWRjLWJiMTUtOTgzZmJmYmJmZDcxIiwidCI6ImY2MTBjMGI3LWJkMjQtNGIzOS04MTBiLTNkYzI4MGFmYjU5MCIsImMiOjh9"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020. http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0010\/430210\/Hospital-Readiness-Checklist.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref012","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Hospital emergency response checklist [Internet]. 2011 Sep. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/hospital-emergency-response-checklist"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref013","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Framework for a Public Health Emergency Operations Centre [Internet]. Geneva; 2015 Nov. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/196135\/9789241565134_eng.pdf;jsessionid=D5F2A9F4E8C226769FDA6ECA6A01E054?sequence=1"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref014","unstructured":"Presidential Task Force, Price Waterhouse Coopers. Presidential Task Force on COVID-19 in Nigeria: Mid-Term Report [Internet]. 2020 Jul. https:\/\/statehouse.gov.ng\/covid19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/PTF-MTR-SEPT-29.1.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref015","unstructured":"Editorial. Doctors\u2019 strike amid COVID-19. THISDAY. 19 Jun 2020. https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/19\/doctors-strike-amid-covid-19\/. Accessed 9 Jan 2021."},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e890","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30250-3","article-title":"COVID-19 preparedness in Malawi: a national facility-based critical care assessment","volume":"8","author":"PD Sonenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236308","article-title":"Assessing the hospital surge capacity of the Kenyan health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"EW Barasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One. Public Library of Science"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref018","first-page":"608","article-title":"Capacity-need gap in hospital resources for varying mitigation and containment strategies in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"VR Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model. KeAi Communications Co"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health services availability and readiness for COVID-19 case surge in hospitals of Nepal","author":"S Bhattarai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref020","unstructured":"Grimm CA. Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 24\u201327, 2020 [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/justthenews.com\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/HHS2020ReportPandemicHospitals.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref021","unstructured":"COVID 19 Preparedness: Rapid Health Facility Assessment Ukraine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 29 Dec 2020]. https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/reach_ukr_situation_overview_rahfa_april-2020_1.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref022","first-page":"553","article-title":"Investigating the Readiness of Hospitals in Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Crisis of COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"M Ali Rahdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mil Med"},{"key":"pone.0257567.ref023","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim report, 27 August 2020 [Internet]. Geneva; 2020 Aug. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS_continuity-survey-2020.1"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257567","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1632246708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257567"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ismaeel","family":"Yunusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257567","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]}}}