{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:32:15Z","timestamp":1790890335106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Global Health Equity Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As part of the integration of refugees into Rwanda\u2019s national hepatitis C elimination agenda, a mass screening campaign for hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) was conducted among Burundian refugees living in Mahama Camp, Eastern Rwanda. This cross-sectional survey used data from the screening campaign to report on the epidemiology of viral hepatitis in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were used to screen for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) among people of \u226515years old. We calculated seroprevalence for HBsAg and anti-HCV by age and sex and also calculated age-and-sex adjusted risk ratios (ARR) for other possible risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 26,498 screened refugees, 1,006 (3.8%) and 297 (1.1%) tested positive for HBsAg and Anti-HCV, respectively. HBsAg was more prevalent among men than women and most common among people 25\u201354 years old. Anti-HCV prevalence increased with age group with no difference between sexes. After adjusting for age and sex, having a household contact with HBsAg was associated with 1.59 times higher risk of having HBsAg (95% CI: 1.27, 1.99) and having a household contact with anti-HCV was associated with 3.66 times higher risk of Anti-HCV (95% CI: 2.26, 5.93). Self-reporting having HBV, HCV, liver disease, or previously screened for HBV and HCV were significantly associated with both HBsAg and anti-HCV, but RDT-confirmed HBsAg and anti-HCV statuses were not associated with each other. Other risk factors for HBsAg included diabetes (ARR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.59) and family history of hepatitis B (ARR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.56) and for anti-HCV included heart disease (ARR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.80) and history of surgery (ARR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.32).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sero-prevalence and risks factors for hepatitis B and C among Burundian were comparable to that in the Rwandan general population. Contact tracing among household members of identified HBsAg and anti-HCV infected case may be an effective approach to targeted hepatitis screening given the high risk among self-reported cases. Expanded access to voluntary testing may be needed to improve access to hepatitis treatment and care in other refugee settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T18:15:57Z","timestamp":1633976157000},"page":"e0257917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence and associated risk factors for hepatitis B and C viruses among refugee populations living in Mahama, Rwanda: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7772-6454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Innocent","family":"Kamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale A.","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean d\u2019Amour","family":"Ndahimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassim","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Mumporeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Nyirahabihirwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean de la Paix","family":"Gakuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumusime","family":"Musafiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Urusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9275-8844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Damascene","family":"Makuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janvier","family":"Serumondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina Denis","family":"Rwamuhinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Nkundibiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Kateera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gallican Rwibasira","family":"Nshogoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Mubiligi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1732","key":"pone.0257917.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160274","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0274","article-title":"Viral hepatitis and liver cancer","volume":"372","author":"M Ringehan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0257917.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0856-y","article-title":"Late presentation of chronic viral hepatitis for medical care: a consensus definition","volume":"15","author":"S Mauss","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0257917.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.589","article-title":"Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies","volume":"6","author":"M Jefferies","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0257917.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30295-9","article-title":"Hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: strategies to achieve the 2030 elimination targets","volume":"2","author":"CW Spearman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0257917.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30249-2","article-title":"Hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa: the current status and recommendations for achieving elimination by 2030","volume":"2","author":"MW Sonderup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"pone.0257917.ref006","unstructured":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre(RBC). 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