{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:57:04Z","timestamp":1791982624753,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The burdens of psychostimulant use disorders are becoming a worldwide problem. One of the psychostimulants widely consumed in Ethiopia and East African countries is\n                      <jats:italic>Catha edulis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Forsk (khat). However, no studies have been conducted on the cognitive effects of khat and its correlation with serum electrolytes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of khat on spatial learning and memory and their correlation with serum electrolytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diethyl ether and chloroform (3:1v\/v ratio) were solvents used to obtain the crude khat extract in this study. T80W was used to prepare the khat juice, fresh khat leave extract. The rats were received crude khat extract subchronically (KESC) (100 mg\/kg, 200 mg\/kg and 300 mg\/kg b.w), khat juice (KHJ 2.5 mL\/kg), 2% tween 80 in distilled water (T80W- v\/v, vehicle) and khat extract subacutely (KESA) (300 mg\/kg). For subchronic treatment, each rat was administered for twelve weeks before Morris water maze experiment has been started, while it was administered for a week for acute treatment. Spatial learning and memory were measured using the Morris water maze model and serum sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride were evaluated using Cobas 6000.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial learning was improved with trials across the groups, while average escape latency (s) of rats received KESC 200 mg\/kg (p&lt;0.001), KESC 300 mg\/kg (p&lt;0.01) and KHJ 2.5 mL\/kg (p&lt;0.05) was significantly greater than rats that received vehicle. There was no significant difference in the latency between rats that received KESA 300mg\/kg and vehicle (p&gt;0.05). Thigmotaxis was significantly higher in rats that received all doses of khat extract (p&lt;0.001). The time spent in the target quadrant in rats that received KESC 300 mg\/kg was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05). Serum calcium level was inversely correlated with the escape latency (R = -0.417, p&lt;0.05) in rats that received khat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Khat extract and juice administered subchronically, but not subacutely, impaired learning and memory and was associated with serum calcium reduction. The neuronal basis for such alteration should be investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T13:39:13Z","timestamp":1644845953000},"page":"e0257932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Catha Edulis Forsk on spatial learning, memory and correlation with serum electrolytes in wild-type male white albino rats"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-8609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abebaye Aragaw","family":"Limenie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye Tolessa","family":"Dugul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9259-5288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eyasu Mekonnen","family":"Eshetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0257932.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0082","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease Studies: Implications for Mental and Substance Use Disorders","volume":"35","author":"H Whiteford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health AFF"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0257932.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1185-9","article-title":"Memory and psychostimulants: Modulation of Pavlovian fear conditioning by amphetamine","volume":"202","author":"SC Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0257932.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2007.08.005","article-title":"Long-term effects of prior cocaine exposure on Morris water maze performance","volume":"89","author":"IA Mendez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0257932.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014121196","article-title":"Chronic Hyponatremia Causes Neurologic and Psychologic Impairments","volume":"27","author":"H Fujisawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0257932.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of traditional medicinal uses of Catha edulis (Celastraceae) in Meru and Embu counties of Kenya","volume":"3","author":"JK Kiunga","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0257932.ref006","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk): A Review","volume":"3","author":"N Wabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict & Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0257932.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.97057","article-title":"Health and socio-economic hazards associated with khat consumption","volume":"15","author":"HMA Ageely","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Family community Med"},{"key":"pone.0257932.ref008","first-page":"77","article-title":"Subchronic Crude Khat (Catha edulis F.) 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