{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:37:32Z","timestamp":1792417052947,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, and children are especially vulnerable. In 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died of malaria, most (274,000) were young children and 94% of the cases and deaths were in Africa. Prior studies in Ethiopia focused on the adult population and high transmission areas. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of malaria in children under five years in low transmission areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 585 under-five children who attended public health facilities in the Wogera district from September to October, 2017. Health facilities were selected by stratified cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling was held to select study participants from the selected facilities. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of malaria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 585 children who provided blood samples, 51 (8.7%) had malaria. The predominant <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species were <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> 33 (65%) and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> 18 (35%). Regularly sleeping under long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLIN) was associated with decreased odds of malaria (AOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01\u20130.09), and an increased odds of malaria was observed among children who live in households with stagnant water in the compound (AOR = 6.7, 95% CI: 3.6\u201312.6) and children who stay outdoors during the night (AOR = 5.5, 95% CI: 2.7\u201311.1).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of malaria in the study population was high. Environmental and behavioral factors related to LLIN use remain potential determinants of malaria. Continued public health interventions targeting proper utilization of bed nets, drainage of stagnant water, and improved public awareness about reducing the risk of insect bites have the potential to minimize the prevalence of malaria and improve the health of children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T20:13:10Z","timestamp":1633983190000},"page":"e0257944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of malaria in children under the age of five years in Wogera district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adino Tesfahun","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andualem","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2763-4092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0257944.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071350","article-title":"The At-Risk Child Clinic (ARCC): 3 Years of Health Activities in Support of the Most Vulnerable Children in Beira, Mozambique","volume":"15","author":"C Marotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref002","unstructured":"Communicable disease control (CDC). Malaria Impact of Malaria. 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/malaria_worldwide\/impact.html."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref003","unstructured":"World health organization (WHO). Fact sheet malaria. 30 November 2020.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref004","unstructured":"President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Ethiopia. Malaria Operational Plan FY. 2019. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-documentlibrary\/malariaoperational-plans\/fy19\/fy-2019-ethiopia-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=3."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref005","unstructured":"Ethiopia National Malaria Indicator Survey. 2015.https:\/\/www.ephi.gov.et\/images\/pictures\/download2009\/MIS-2015-FinalReport-December-_2016.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref006","unstructured":"World health organization (WHO). Malaria in children under five. 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/areas\/high_risk_groups\/children\/en\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0257944.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813201","article-title":"The epidemiology of malaria","volume":"91","author":"B. M. Greenwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0257944.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.57","article-title":"Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurological sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, and complications of pregnancy","volume":"64","author":"Sean C Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref009","unstructured":"World health organization (WHO). World malaria report. 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2016\/report\/en\/."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref010","first-page":"2","article-title":"An indigenous malaria transmission in the outskirts of Addis Ababa, Akaki town and its environs","volume":"18","author":"G-MT Woyessa A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethiop J Hlth Dev"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref011","unstructured":"Wogera Woreda health bureau Annual Report. 2016."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-134","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of malaria among children in southern highland Rwanda","volume":"10","author":"JB Gahutu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref013","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. National Malaria Guidelines fourth edition. November 2017 Addis Ababa. https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/documents\/files\/eth_national_malaria_guidline_4th_edition.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref014","unstructured":"Centres for disease control. Malaria Diagnostic Tests.2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/diagnosis_treatment\/diagnostic_tools."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref015","first-page":"242","article-title":"Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Factors in Dilla Town and the Surrounding Rural Areas, Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"E Molla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of bacteriology and parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref016","first-page":"6","article-title":"Analysis of Five-Year Trend of Malaria at Bichena Primary Hospital, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"2021","author":"Awoke Minwuyelet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref017","volume-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Malaria And Trachoma In Ethiopia","author":"The Carter Center","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2016","key":"pone.0257944.ref018","first-page":"63","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of malaria among febrile children in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional health facility-based study","volume":"155","author":"Y Haji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref019","unstructured":"Mushashu u. Prevalence of malaria infection among under-fives and the associated factors in muleba district-kagera region tanzania. 2012."},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref020","first-page":"7","author":"Gulam TBEMH","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Prevalence Rate and Risk Factors of Malaria among Under 5 Years Children at Elguneid Hospital Elgezira State"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1290-x","article-title":"Risk factors of malaria in children under the age of five years old in Uganda","volume":"15","author":"D. Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0257944.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15092032","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Malaria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients in Beira, Mozambique","volume":"15","author":"F Di Gennaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref023","first-page":"5","article-title":"A 7-Year Trend of Malaria at Primary Health Facilities in Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Ayenew Addisu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0257944.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0154277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154277","article-title":"Magnitude of Malaria and Factors among Febrile Cases in Low Transmission Areas of Hadiya Zone Ethiopia A Facility Based Cross Sectional Study","volume":"11","author":"RK Delil","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09560-1","article-title":"Determinants of malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia: Bayesian multilevel analysis","volume":"20","author":"S.B. Aychiluhm","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0257944.ref026","first-page":"304361","article-title":"Sociodemographic Determinants of Malaria among Under-Five Children in Ghana","volume":"2014","author":"SH Nyarko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257944","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T20:14:50Z","timestamp":1633983290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257944"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257944","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}}}