{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:54:42Z","timestamp":1790762082723,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)-Fogarty-Ethiopia Emory TB Research Training Program","award":["D43TW009127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009127"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IP. 09.32040.011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP. 09.32040.011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EPHI"},{"name":"AHRI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PDL1 and its interaction with PD1 is implicated in immune dysfunction in TB and HIV. The expression of PDL1 on multiple subsets of monocytes as well as their associations with cytokines and microbial products have not been well studied.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV (TB-HIV+), TB (TB+HIV-) and TB\/HIV co-infected (TB+HIV+) patients as well as apparently healthy controls (TB-HIV-) were recruited. TB and HIV patients were treatment na\u00efve while TB\/HIV patients were both ART na\u00efve and experienced but not yet started TB therapy. Monocyte subsets were evaluated for PDL1 expression by flow cytometry; plasma TNF\u03b1, IL6, IP10, IFN\u03b3 and IL10 were measured by Luminex; and cytokine mRNA from purified monocytes quantitated by qPCR. The association of PDL1 with cytokines, clinical and microbial indices, including HIV viral load, TB smear microscopy and TB urinary lipoarabinomannan (LAM) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Monocyte expression of PDL1 was significantly higher in TB, HIV and TB\/HIV co-infected patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0001), with the highest levels in TB\/HIV co-infected patients. The highest expression of PDL1 was on intermediate (CD14+CD16+) monocytes in all participant groups. PDL1 strongly correlated with HIV viral load in TB\/HIV while weakly correlated in HIV. PDL1 levels moderately correlated with plasma TNF\u03b1, IL6, IP10, IFN\u03b3 and IL10 level in TB subjects whereas weakly correlated with TNF\u03b1 and IP10 in HIV patients. However, cytokine mRNA from purified monocytes showed no association with either plasma cytokines or monocyte PDL1 expression, implying that if cytokines modulate PDL1, they are likely not originating from circulating monocytes themselves. These results underscore the importance of further characterization of multiple monocyte subsets and their phenotypic and functional differences in different disease states.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T17:53:45Z","timestamp":1633110825000},"page":"e0258122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["PDL1 expression on monocytes is associated with plasma cytokines in Tuberculosis and HIV"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-6617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wegene","family":"Tamene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helina","family":"Mollalign","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amha","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawleigh","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258122.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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