{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:35:56Z","timestamp":1770334556374,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["The Program of Founding Research Centers for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease; grant number 23406013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Program of Founding Research Centers for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease; grant number 23406013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018502","name":"Kanazawa University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["President Strategic Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["President Strategic Research Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We investigated the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on the gut microbiota of children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study investigated the gut microbiota of children with and without HIV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We collected fecal samples from 59 children with HIV (29 treated with ART [ART(+)] and 30 without ART [HIV(+)]) and 20 children without HIV [HIV(\u2013)] in Vietnam. We performed quantitative RT-PCR to detect 14 representative intestinal bacteria targeting 16S\/23S rRNA molecules. We also collected the blood samples for immunological analyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In spearman\u2019s correlation analyses, no significant correlation between the number of dominant bacteria and age was found among children in the HIV(\u2212) group. However, the number of sub-dominant bacteria, including <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>, positively correlated with age in the HIV(\u2212) group, but not in the HIV(+) group. In the HIV(+) group, <jats:italic>Clostridium coccoides<\/jats:italic> group positively associated with the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell count and its subsets. In the ART(+) group, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>perfringens<\/jats:italic> positively correlated with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells and their subsets and negatively with activated CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coccoides<\/jats:italic> group and <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic> group were associated with regulatory T-cell counts. In multiple linear regression analyses, ART duration was independently associated with the number of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>perfringens<\/jats:italic>, and Th17 cell count with the number of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> in the ART(+) group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV infection and ART may influence sub-dominant gut bacteria, directly or indirectly, in association with immune status in children with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T17:40:24Z","timestamp":1633974024000},"page":"e0258226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Alterations in children\u2019s sub-dominant gut microbiota by HIV infection and anti-retroviral 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Thu","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy Thi Bich","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuyen Thi Thu","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dung Thi Khanh","family":"Khu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-1964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ichimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7285","key":"pone.0258226.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258226.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine","volume":"124","author":"RE 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