{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:00:58Z","timestamp":1785765658789,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lateral patellar dislocation (LPD) frequently causes damage to the knee. Injury patterns and risk factors contributing to such injuries have not yet been examined in detail.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 50 consecutive patients with primary LPD. Two reviewers evaluated the MRI images regarding risk factors for LPD (Dejours classification; Caton-Deschamps Index, CDI; distance from the tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove, TT-TG; trochlear depth, TD) as well as joint damages according to the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>33 male and 17 female patients with a mean age of 23.2 (\u00b19.6) years were included in this study. 52% were classified Dejours \u2265 B, 34% had a CDI \u2265 1.3, 22% a TT-TG \u2265 20mm and 52% a TD &lt; 3mm. 49 out of 50 patients (98%) showed abnormalities according to WORMS. The most frequently observed abnormalities were synovitis\/effusion (49\/50, 98%), bone marrow oedema (44\/50, 88%) and cartilage damage (42\/50, 84%). Most frequently affected subregions were medial (41\/50, 82%) and lateral (31\/50, 62%) patella as well as the anterior (43\/50, 86%), central (42\/50, 84%) and posterior (11\/50, 22%) portion of the lateral femoral condyle. There was no significant correlation between any of the examined risk factors and joint damages according to WORMS. Male patients had higher scores regarding total cartilage damage (5.11 vs. 2.56, p = 0.029), total score for the lateral femorotibial joint (3.15 vs. 1.65, p = 0.026) and overall total WORMS score (12.15 vs. 8.29, p = 0.038).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Risk factors for LPD do not influence the risk of damages to the knee joint after primary LPD. Although LPD is generally known to affect more female than male patients, male patients suffered more severe injuries after primary LPD, particularly of the lateral femorotibial joint. Overall, our results underline the importance of MRI imaging after primary LPD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T18:33:29Z","timestamp":1634236409000},"page":"e0258240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Analysis of cartilage injury patterns and risk factors for knee joint damage in patients with primary lateral patella dislocations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4555-036X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yannick","family":"Palmowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Katrin","family":"Doering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Gwinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imke","family":"Schatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bartek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258240.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117725055","article-title":"Incidence of First-Time Lateral Patellar Dislocation: A 21-Year Population-Based Study","volume":"10","author":"T.L. Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258240.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318160740f","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation.","volume":"40","author":"P. Sillanpaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0258240.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516687549","article-title":"Traumatic Patellar Dislocation and Cartilage Injury: A Follow-up Study of Long-Term Cartilage Deterioration.","volume":"45","author":"E.E. Salonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258240.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503260788","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation","volume":"32","author":"D.C. Fithian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0258240.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.11.004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the medial patellofemoral ligament lesion in acute lateral patellar dislocations considering trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance","volume":"26","author":"P. Balcarek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e318259bc40","article-title":"Cartilage lesions in patellofemoral dislocations: incidents\/locations\/when to treat","volume":"20","author":"J. Farr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258240.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1285-z","article-title":"Patellofemoral osteoarthritis in patients with operative treatment for patellar dislocation: a magnetic resonance-based analysis","volume":"19","author":"P.J. Sillanpaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2253011578","article-title":"Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella","volume":"225","author":"D.A. Elias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2010.04.002","article-title":"The relationship between trochlear dysplasia and medial patellofemoral ligament rupture location after patellar dislocation: an MRI evaluation","volume":"18","author":"T.S. Weber-Spickschen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0258240.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00401-8","article-title":"Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation","volume":"19","author":"E. Nomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0258240.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2493-3","article-title":"Prevalence of cartilage lesions and early osteoarthritis in patients with patellar dislocation","volume":"22","author":"B. Vollnberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.03.011","article-title":"Patellar instability","volume":"33","author":"J.L. Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258240.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2005.06.003","article-title":"The tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance; a comparative study between CT and MRI scanning","volume":"13","author":"P.B. Schoettle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258240.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2005.12.005","article-title":"The patella morphology in trochlear dysplasia\u2014a comparative MRI study","volume":"13","author":"S.F. Fucentese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4464-3","article-title":"Anatomic patellar instability risk factors in primary lateral patellar dislocations do not predict injury patterns: an MRI-based study","volume":"26","author":"M.A. Tompkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258240.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.11.003","article-title":"Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis.","volume":"12","author":"C.G. Peterfy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258240.ref017","first-page":"317","article-title":"Patella infera. Apropos of 128 cases","volume":"68","author":"J. 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Boguszewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258240.ref027","first-page":"17","article-title":"Medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns and associated pathology in lateral patella dislocation: an MRI study","volume":"1","author":"P. Guerrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T18:36:11Z","timestamp":1634236571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258240"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Ge\u00dflein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]}}}