{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:33:09Z","timestamp":1775064789397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL128752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL128752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL142913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL142913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Nora Eccles Treadwell Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL156039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL156039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"Slow conduction areas and conduction block in the atria are considered pro-arrhythmic conditions. Studies examining the size and distribution of slow conduction regions in the context of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) may help to develop improved therapeutic strategies for patients with AF. In this work, we studied the differences of size and number in slow conduction areas between control and persistent AF goats and the influence of propagation direction on the development of these pathological conduction areas. Epicardial atrial electrical activations from the left atrial roof were optically mapped with physiological pacing cycle lengths and for the shortest captured cycle lengths. The recordings were converted to local activation times and conduction velocity measures. Regions with slow conduction velocity (less than 0<\/mml:mn> .<\/mml:mo> 2<\/mml:mn> m<\/mml:mi> s<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mfrac><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) were identified. The size of the connected regions and the number of non-connected regions were counted for propagation from different orthogonal directions. We found that regions of slow conduction significantly increases in our 15 persistent AF goat recordings in response to premature stimulation (24.4\u00b14.3% increase to 36.6\u00b14.4%, p<\/jats:italic> < 0.001). This increase is driven by an increase of size from (3.70\u00b10.89[mm<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>] to 6.36\u00b10.91[mm<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>], p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014) for already existing regions and not by generation of new slow conduction regions (11.6\u00b11.8 vs. 13\u00b11.9, p<\/jats:italic> = 0.242). In 12 control goat recordings, no increase from baseline pacing to premature pacing was found. Similarly, size of the slow conduction areas and the count did not change significantly in control animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T23:29:14Z","timestamp":1633649354000},"page":"e0258285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atrial slow conduction develops and dynamically expands during premature stimulation in an animal model of persistent atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5635-3444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie 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