{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:16:30Z","timestamp":1772212590599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000943","name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OD-203059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD-203059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disease surveillance and response are critical components of epidemic preparedness. The disease response, in most cases, is a set of reactive measures that follow the outcomes of the disease surveillance. Hence, timely surveillance is a prerequisite for an effective response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We apply epidemiological soundness criteria in combination with the Latent Influence Point Process and time-to-event models to construct a disease spread network. The network implicitly quantifies the fertility (whether a case leads to secondary cases) and reproduction (number of secondary cases per infectious case) of the cases as well as the size and generations (of the infection chain) of the outbreaks. We test our approach by applying it to historic dengue case data from Australia. Using the data, we empirically confirm that high morbidity relates positively with delay in disease response. Moreover, we identify what constitutes timely surveillance by applying various thresholds of disease response delay to the network and report their impact on case fertility, reproduction, number of generations and ultimately, outbreak size. We observe that enforcing a response delay threshold of 5 days leads to a large average reduction across all parameters (occurrence 87%, reproduction 83%, outbreak size 80% and outbreak generations 47%), whereas extending the threshold to 10 days, in comparison, significantly limits the effectiveness of the response actions. Lastly, we identify the components of the disease surveillance system that can be calibrated to achieve the identified thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identify practically achievable, timely surveillance thresholds (on temporal scale) that lead to an effective response and identify how they can be satisfied. Our approach can be utilized to provide guidelines on spatially and demographically targeted resource allocation for public awareness campaigns as well as to improve diagnostic abilities and turn-around times for the doctors and laboratories involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T14:56:14Z","timestamp":1634568974000},"page":"e0258332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Timely surveillance and temporal calibration of disease response against human infectious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-356X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamran","family":"Najeebullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-9420","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"Liebig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Darbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-0782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raja","family":"Jurdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Paini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1447","key":"pone.0258332.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1480","article-title":"Environmental and social influences on emerging infectious diseases: past, present and future","volume":"359","author":"AJ McMichael","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"9857","key":"pone.0258332.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61684-5","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis","volume":"380","author":"SS Morse","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0258332.ref003","volume-title":"Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7181","key":"pone.0258332.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258332.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001157","article-title":"Assessing global preparedness for the next pandemic: development and application of an Epidemic Preparedness Index","volume":"4","author":"B Oppenheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0258332.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterholm MT, Hedberg CW. 13\u2014Epidemiologic Principles. 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