{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:33:47Z","timestamp":1790552027362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005966","name":"leakey foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"labex ceba","award":["ANR-10-LABX-0025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-0025-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"national geographic society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"agence nationale de la recherche","award":["ANR-17-CE31-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE31-0009"]}]},{"name":"coopinteer cnrs-conicet","award":["n\u00b0 252540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\u00b0 252540"]}]},{"name":"ecos-sud\/foncyt","award":["n\u00b0 A-14U01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\u00b0 A-14U01"]}]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Plan\u00e9tologie et de G\u00e9odynamique de Nantes"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Miocene deposits of South America have yielded several species-rich assemblages of caviomorph rodents. They are mostly situated at high and mid- latitudes of the continent, except for the exceptional Honda Group of La Venta, Colombia, the faunal composition of which allowed to describe the late middle Miocene Laventan South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA). In this paper, we describe a new caviomorph assemblage from TAR-31 locality, recently discovered near Tarapoto in Peruvian Amazonia (San Mart\u00edn Department). Based on mammalian biostratigraphy, this single-phased locality is unambiguously considered to fall within the Laventan SALMA. TAR-31 yielded rodent species found in La Venta, such as the octodontoid <jats:italic>Ricardomys longidens<\/jats:italic> Walton, 1990 (<jats:italic>nom<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nud<\/jats:italic>.), the chinchilloids <jats:italic>Microscleromys paradoxalis<\/jats:italic> Walton, 1990 (<jats:italic>nom<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nud<\/jats:italic>.) and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cribriphilus<\/jats:italic> Walton, 1990 (<jats:italic>nom<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nud<\/jats:italic>.), or closely-related taxa. Given these strong taxonomic affinities, we further seize the opportunity to review the rodent dental material from La Venta described in the Ph.D. volume of Walton in 1990 but referred to as <jats:italic>nomina nuda<\/jats:italic>. Here we validate the recognition of these former taxa and provide their formal description. TAR-31 documents nine distinct rodent species documenting the four extant superfamilies of Caviomorpha, including a new erethizontoid: <jats:italic>Nuyuyomys chinqaska<\/jats:italic> gen. et sp. nov. These fossils document the most diverse caviomorph fauna for the middle Miocene interval of Peruvian Amazonia to date. This rodent discovery from Peru extends the geographical ranges of <jats:italic>Ricardomys longidens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Microscleromys paradoxalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cribriphilus<\/jats:italic>, 1,100 km to the south. Only one postcranial element of rodent was unearthed in TAR-31 (astragalus). This tiny tarsal bone most likely documents one of the two species of <jats:italic>Microscleromys<\/jats:italic> and its morphology indicates terrestrial generalist adaptations for this minute chinchilloid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T17:23:14Z","timestamp":1635960194000},"page":"e0258455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Late middle Miocene caviomorph rodents from Tarapoto, Peruvian Amazonia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-9460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myriam","family":"Boivin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Marivaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Aguirre-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-6322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldo","family":"Benites-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Billet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-3927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Pujos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Salas-Gismondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1937-3902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narla S.","family":"Stutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia V.","family":"Tejada-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-8229","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Varas-Malca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne H.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258455.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226169606.001.0001","volume-title":"Mammals of South America. Vol. 2: Rodents","author":"JL Patton","year":"2015","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.05.002","article-title":"A molecular timescale for caviomorph rodents (Mammalia, Hystricognathi)","volume":"37","author":"JC Opazo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701289104","article-title":"Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil","volume":"104","author":"D Huchon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5252\/geodiversitas2019v41a4","article-title":"L\u2019apport du registre pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne d\u2019Amazonie sur la diversification initiale des Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): implications phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, macro\u00e9volutives et pal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographiques","volume":"41","author":"M Boivin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref005","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography","volume":"279","author":"P-O Antoine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia","author":"M Boivin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref007","article-title":"Eocene caviomorph rodents from Balsayacu (Peruvian Amazonia)","author":"M Boivin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontol Z"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.5252\/geodiversitas2019v41a20","article-title":"Restes in\u00e9dits de rongeurs caviomorphes du Pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne de la r\u00e9gion de Juanjui (Amazonie p\u00e9ruvienne): syst\u00e9matique, implications macro-\u00e9volutives et biostratigraphiques","volume":"41","author":"A Assemat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref009","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Biology of Caviomorph Rodents: Diversity and Evolution","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref010","first-page":"361","article-title":"Los roedores de la Formaci\u00f3n Coll\u00f3n Cura (Mioceno Medio), y la ignimbrita Pilcaniyeu. Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n del Tordillo, Neuquen","volume":"30","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref011","first-page":"206","volume-title":"The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2004.10.005","article-title":"Hystricognath rodents from the Pinturas Formation, early-middle Miocene of Patagonia, biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental implications","volume":"18","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref013","first-page":"147","article-title":"Actualizaci\u00f3n del conocimiento de los roedores del Mioceno Tard\u00edo de la Mesopotamia argentina: aspectos sistem\u00e1ticos, evolutivos y paleobiogeogr\u00e1ficos","volume":"14","author":"NL Nasif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Publ electr\u00f3n Asoc Paleontol Argent"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref014","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Palinolog\u00eda del Meso-Cenozoico de Argentina\u2014Volumen en homenaje a Mirta Elena Quattrocchio. Publ electr\u00f3n Asoc Paleontol Argent. Publ electr\u00f3n Asoc Paleontol Argen","author":"CM Deschamps","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref015","first-page":"193","article-title":"Revision of the Miocene caviomorph rodents from the Rio Santa Cruz (Argentinean Patagonia)","volume":"19","author":"M Arnal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Publ electr\u00f3n Asoc Paleontol Argent"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-9811(02)00043-3","article-title":"A new fossil mammal assemblage from the southern Chilean Andes: implications for geology, geochronology, and tectonics","volume":"15","author":"JJ Flynn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2008.05.006","article-title":"Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mall\u00edn and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile","volume":"26","author":"JJ Flynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref018","first-page":"392","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"AH Walton","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-016-9340-2","article-title":"Tropical fossil caviomorph rodents from the southwestern Brazilian Amazonia in the context of the South American faunas: systematics, biochronology, and paleobiogeography","volume":"24","author":"L Kerber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref020","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"RH Madden","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1812078","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2020.1812078","article-title":"Miocene Freshwater Dolphins from La Venta, Huila, Colombia Suggest Independent Invasions of Riverine Environments in Tropical South America","volume":"40","author":"A Benites-Palomino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref022","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"RF Kay","year":"1997","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref023","first-page":"315","article-title":"Ceboid monkeys from the Miocene of Columbia","volume":"28","author":"RA Stirton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref024","first-page":"345","article-title":"A new monkey from the La Venta Miocene of Colombia","volume":"8","author":"RA Stirton","year":"1950","journal-title":"CEGOC"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref025","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"RF Kay","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref026","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"RH Madden","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref027","first-page":"179","article-title":"Ein nager aus dem Miocaen von Columbien","volume":"32","author":"HG Stehlin","year":"1940","journal-title":"Eclogae Geol Helv"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref028","first-page":"273","article-title":"Hystricomorph rodents from the late Miocene of Colombia, South America","volume":"32","author":"RW Fields","year":"1957","journal-title":"Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref029","first-page":"165","article-title":"Systematics and biogeographic significance of Drytomomys typicus (Scalabrini in Ameghino, 1889) nov. comb., a Miocene Dinomyidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from Northeast of Argentina","volume":"3","author":"AM Candela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neues Jahrb Geol Palaontol Abh"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5710\/AMGH.17.02.2017.3048","article-title":"Systematic revision and evolutionary history of Acarechimys Patterson in Kraglievich, 1965 (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea)","volume":"54","author":"M Arnal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2012.07.008","article-title":"Middle Miocene vertebrates from the Amazonian Madre de Dios Subandean Zone, Per\u00fa","volume":"42","author":"P-O Antoine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref032","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th EMPSLA","author":"P-O Antoine","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12147","article-title":"Life in protoamazonia: Middle Miocene mammals from the Fitzcarrald Arch (Peruvian Amazonia)","volume":"58","author":"J Tejada-Lara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2015.11.001","article-title":"A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru","volume":"31","author":"P-O Antoine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gondwana Res"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-015-0267-3","article-title":"Giant rodents from the Neotropics: diversity and dental variation of late Miocene neoepiblemid remains from Urumaco, Venezuela","volume":"89","author":"JD Carrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontol Z"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102835","article-title":"New record of Neosaimiri (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) from the late Middle Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia","volume":"146","author":"L Marivaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref037","unstructured":"Walton AH. Rodents of the La Venta Fauna, Miocene, Colombia: biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental implications. Ph.D. Thesis, Southern Methodist University. 1990."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref038","unstructured":"Code international de nomenclature zoologique. 4th ed. 1999 [cited 2021 July 01]. In: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature [Internet]. Available from: iczn.org."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref039","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Bolet\u00edn INGEMMET, Serie A: Carta Geol\u00f3gica Nacional","author":"AW S\u00e1nchez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2004.06.005","article-title":"The Huallaga foreland basin evolution: thrust propagation in a deltaic environment, northern Peruvian Andes","volume":"19","author":"W Hermoza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref041","article-title":"Upper Miocene depositional environments and landscapes, Shumanza section, Subandean Zone, Northern Peru","author":"A Feussom Tcheumeleu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paleobiodivers Paleoenviron."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref042","article-title":"Biotic community and landscape changes around the Eocene\u2012Oligocene transition at Shapaja, Peruvian Amazonia: regional or global drivers?","author":"P-O Antoine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Planet Change"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(90)90010-9","article-title":"Chronology of Cenozoic primate localities in South America","volume":"19","author":"BJ MacFadden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x","article-title":"The middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its notoungulates","volume":"50","author":"DA Croft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-017-9384-y","article-title":"New Remains of Megathericulus patagonicus Ameghino, 1904 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Serravallian (Middle Miocene) of Bolivia; Chronological and Biogeographical Implications","volume":"25","author":"D Brandoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2020.110013","article-title":"Chronology of Miocene terrestrial deposits and fossil vertebrates from Quebrada Honda (Bolivia)","volume":"560","author":"L Gibert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref047","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"JJ Flynn","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref048","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"J Guerrero","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824360-2.00029-2","volume-title":"Geologic Time Scale 2020","author":"I Raffi","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2018.1506778","article-title":"Dental homologies and evolutionary transformations in Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): new data from the Paleogene of Peruvian Amazonia","volume":"32","author":"M Boivin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hist Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2010.522432","article-title":"A new rodent (Cavioidea, Hystricognathi) from the middle Miocene of Patagonia, mandibular homologies, and the origin of the crown group Cavioidea sensu stricto","volume":"30","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref052","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez ME. Sistem\u00e1tica, ecolog\u00eda y bioestratigraf\u00eda de Eocardiidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) del Mioceno temprano y medio de Patagonia. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 2010."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1095","article-title":"Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American \u2018cardiomyine\u2019rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species","volume":"4","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pap Palaeontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2018.07.003","article-title":"Systematic and phylogeny of Prodolichotis prisca (Caviidae, Dolichotinae) from the Northwest of Argentina (late Miocene-early Pliocene): advances in the knowledge of the evolutionary history of maras","volume":"18","author":"MC Madozzo-Ja\u00e9n","year":"2019","journal-title":"C R Palevol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref055","first-page":"241","article-title":"Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications","volume":"63","author":"MC Madozzo-Ja\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"New echimyid rodents from the Oligocene of Patagonia, and a synopsis of the family","volume":"301","author":"B Patterson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Breviora"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2393","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2393","article-title":"Ecomorphological analysis of the astragalo-calcaneal complex in rodents and inferences of locomotor behaviors in extinct rodent species","volume":"4","author":"S Ginot","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2992\/0145-9058(2004)36[211:TPSOEE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The postcranial skeleton of early Eocene rodents","volume":"2004","author":"KD Rose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Carnegie Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2992\/007.083.0303","article-title":"Anatomy of the Pedal Skeleton of the Hispaniolan Solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Solenodontidae)","volume":"83","author":"JR Wible","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annls Carnegie Mus"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1555164","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2018.1555164","article-title":"Tarsal morphology and locomotor adaptation of some late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal early ecological diversity","volume":"38","author":"M Boivin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10606","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the limbs of Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): indicators of locomotor behavior in Miocene porcupines","volume":"269","author":"AM Candela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref062","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Teeth Revisited. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Dental Morphology (Paris). M\u00e9m Mus natl hist nat, S\u00e9r C G\u00e9ol","author":"CM Janis","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref063","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing v.4.0.3","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref064","article-title":"dunn.test: Dunn\u2019s Test of Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums","author":"A Dinno","year":"2017","journal-title":"R package version 1.3.5"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref065","article-title":"trend: Non-Parametric Trend Tests and Change-Point Detection","author":"T Pohlert","year":"2020","journal-title":"R package version 1.1.4"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref066","article-title":"RVAideMemoire: Testing and Plotting Procedures for Biostatistics","author":"M Herv\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"R package version 0.9\u201379"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref067","article-title":"cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions","author":"M Maechler","year":"2019","journal-title":"R package version 2.1.0"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref069","first-page":"717","article-title":"Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae [Rodentia, Hystricognathi]: evolutionary significance","volume":"47","author":"AM Candela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1127\/pala\/2018\/0075","article-title":"Early Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Shapaja, Peruvian Amazonia","volume":"311","author":"M Boivin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palaeontogr Abt A"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1068","article-title":"Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia","volume":"3","author":"M Boivin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pap Palaeontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2021.103389","article-title":"A new mammalian assemblage for Guanaco Formation (northwestern Argentina), and the description of a new genus of New World porcupine","volume":"110","author":"MD Ercoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J South Am Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref073","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enumeraci\u00f3n sistematica de las especies de mam\u00edferos f\u00f3siles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de Patagonia austral y depositados en el museo de La Plata","volume":"1","author":"F Ameghino","year":"1887","journal-title":"Bol Mus La Plata"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref074","unstructured":"Candela AM. Los Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) f\u00f3siles de Argentina. Sistem\u00e1tica e historia evolutiva y biogeogr\u00e1fica. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 2000."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref075","first-page":"483","article-title":"A new porcupine (Rodentia, Erethizontidae) from the early and middle Miocene of Patagonia","volume":"40","author":"AM Candela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2004)024[0732:ANGPRE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A New Giant Porcupine (Rodentia, Erethizontidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina","volume":"24","author":"AM Candela","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref077","first-page":"199","article-title":"Octodontoids and erethizontoids (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pinturas Formation, Early-Middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"41","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref078","first-page":"1","article-title":"Notices pr\u00e9liminaires sur des mammif\u00e8res nouveaux des terrains cr\u00e9tac\u00e9s de Patagonie","volume":"17","author":"F Ameghino","year":"1902","journal-title":"Bol acad nac cien, C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref079","first-page":"281","article-title":"The rodents of the Deseadan Oligocene of Patagonia and the beginnings of South American rodent evolution","volume":"120","author":"AE Wood","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull Mus Comp Zool"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref080","first-page":"53","article-title":"The evolution of the molar pattern of the Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) and the validity of Parasteiromys Ameghino, 1904","volume":"28","author":"AM Candela","year":"1999","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref081","first-page":"71","volume-title":"The Paleogene Mammalian Fauna of Santa Rosa, Amazonian Peru. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series","author":"CD Frailey","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2018.1471622","article-title":"New caviomorph rodents from the late Oligocene of Salla, Bolivia: taxonomic, chronological, and biogeographic implications in the Deseadan faunas of South America","volume":"17","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Syst Palaeontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(02)00017-7","article-title":"Hypsosteiromys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina), the only Erethizontidae with a tendency to hypsodonty","volume":"35","author":"AM Candela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref084","first-page":"1","article-title":"Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre region, western Amazonia","volume":"374","author":"CD Frailey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Los Angeles County Mus Contr Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2006.01.020","article-title":"The pan-Amazonian Ucayali Peneplain, late Neogene sedimentation in Amazonia, and the birth of the modern Amazon River system","volume":"239","author":"KE Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511667381.016","volume-title":"Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation","author":"AM Candela","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-011-9154-1","article-title":"A new extinct genus of Cavioidea (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina), and the evolution of cavioid mandibular morphology","volume":"18","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048380","article-title":"Major radiations in the evolution of caviid rodents: reconciling fossils, ghost lineages, and relaxed molecular clocks","volume":"7","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2012.751383","article-title":"Mandibular remains of Procardiomys martinoi Pascual, 1961 (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) from the Arroyo Chasic\u00f3 Formation (early late Miocene) of Argentina: anatomy and the phylogenetic position of the genus within Caviidae","volume":"26","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hist Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2016.1166360","article-title":"The most ancient caviine rodent (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) comes from the late Miocene of Northwest Argentina (South America)","volume":"29","author":"MC Madozzo-Ja\u00e9n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref091","first-page":"93","article-title":"Diagnosis de nuevos g\u00e9neros y especies de roedores c\u00e1vidos y eumeg\u00e1midos f\u00f3siles de la Argentina","volume":"114","author":"L Kraglievich","year":"1932","journal-title":"Anales Soc. Ci. Argent"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref092","first-page":"235","article-title":"Datos acerca de la variaci\u00f3n intrapoblacional de la morfolog\u00eda de los molares de entidades de los g\u00e9neros Galea y Microcavia (Rodentia, Caviidae)","volume":"3","author":"JR Contreras","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref093","first-page":"169","article-title":"Un nuevo y significativo caso de adici\u00f3n prism\u00e1tica observado en el premolar cuarto (p4) inferior de un ejemplar del g\u00e9nero Cavia (Rodentia, Caviidae)","volume":"3","author":"JA Pisano","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref094","first-page":"63","article-title":"Diversidad del roedor Microcavia (Caviomorpha, caviidae) de Am\u00e9rica del sur","volume":"3","author":"C Quintana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mastozool. neotrop"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref095","first-page":"55","article-title":"El roedor Dolicavia minuscula (Caviomorpha, Caviidae) del Plioceno superior de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"3","author":"C Quintana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hist. an"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref096","first-page":"399","article-title":"Galea (Rodentia, Caviidae) del Pleistoceno Superior y Holoceno de las sierras de Tandilia Oriental, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"38","author":"C Quintana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1352591","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2017.1352591","article-title":"A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: implications for the origin of the genus Cavia","volume":"37","author":"AM Candela","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.12933\/therya-17-497","article-title":"Is Galea tixiensis Quintana, 2001 a synonym of G. leucoblephara Burmeister, 1861?","volume":"8","author":"P Teta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therya"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref099","first-page":"259","article-title":"Capybaras, size, shape, and time: a model kit","volume":"50","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-011-0120-2","article-title":"A revision of the fossil genus Phanomys Ameghino, 1887 (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) from the early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the acquisition of euhypsodonty in Cavioidea sensu stricto","volume":"86","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontol Z"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[770:ERHFTP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Eocardiids (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pinturas Formation, late early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"26","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5710\/AMGH.v49i1(449)","article-title":"Asteromys punctus Ameghino (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the early evolution of Cavioidea sensu stricto","volume":"49","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/02724631003618223","article-title":"The first Eocardiidae (Rodentia) in the Colhuehuapian (early Miocene) of Bryn Gwyn (northern Chubut, Argentina) and the early evolution of the peculiar cavioid rodents","volume":"30","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2012.06.001","article-title":"A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto","volume":"45","author":"ME P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-011-9164-z","article-title":"New Middle Miocene caviomorph rodents from Quebrada Honda, Bolivia","volume":"18","author":"DA Croft","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento de los mam\u00edferos f\u00f3siles de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina","volume":"6","author":"F Ameghino","year":"1889","journal-title":"Actas Acad Nac Cienc Rep\u00fab Argent"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Los estratos araucanos y sus f\u00f3siles","volume":"25","author":"C Rovereto","year":"1914","journal-title":"Anales Mus Nac Hist Nat Buenos Aires"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref108","first-page":"217","article-title":"Nota preliminar sobre nuevos restos de mam\u00edferos f\u00f3siles en el Brocherense del Valle de Los Reartes (provincia de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina). Separata de: 20\u00b0 Congreso Geol\u00f3gico Internacional, M\u00e9xico, 1956","author":"A Castellanos","year":"1958","journal-title":"Secci\u00f3n VII"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref109","first-page":"75","article-title":"Los mam\u00edferos pliocenos de la fauna local Quequ\u00e9n Grande (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina)","volume":"54","author":"JL Prado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Estud Geol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref110","first-page":"111","article-title":"Consideraciones sobre el g\u00e9nero \u2019Galea\u2019 Meyen, 1831 (Rodentia, Caviidae), su registro en el Pleistoceno de Uruguay y descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie extingida","volume":"96","author":"M Ubilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat Sec Geol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref111","first-page":"293","article-title":"Miocene Dolichotinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviidae) from Uruguay, with comments about the relationships of some related fossil species","volume":"10","author":"M Ubilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"A lateMastozool. neotrop"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2014.06.001","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Galea (Rodentia, Caviidae) and expanded diagnosis of Galea ortodonta Ubilla and Rinderknecht, 2001 (late Pleistocene, Uruguay)","volume":"47","author":"M Ubilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref113","first-page":"443","article-title":"Mam\u00edferos f\u00f3siles y edad de la Formaci\u00f3n S\u00e1licas (Mioceno tard\u00edo) de la sierra de Velasco, La Rioja, Argentina","volume":"42","author":"AA Tauber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2014.883506","article-title":"New rodents (Mammalia) from the Late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia","volume":"27","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hist Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref115","first-page":"163","article-title":"Un nuevo roedor Adelphomyinae (Hystricognathi, Echimyidae) del Mioceno Medio-Inferior de Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"38","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref116","first-page":"264","volume-title":"The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2010.12.003","article-title":"First complete skull of an octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from the Early Miocene of South America and its bearing in the early evolution of Octodontoidea","volume":"44","author":"M Arnal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref118","first-page":"259","article-title":"Enum\u00e9ration synoptique des esp\u00e8ces de mammif\u00e8res fossiles des formations \u00e9oc\u00e8nes de Patagonie","volume":"13","author":"F Ameghino","year":"1894","journal-title":"Bol acad nac cien, C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511667381.018","volume-title":"Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation","author":"R Kay","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1996.10011317","article-title":"A peculiar octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) with terraced molars from the Lower Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)","volume":"16","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2013.808203","article-title":"A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea","volume":"34","author":"M Arnal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref122","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new Oligocene rodent genus from Patagonia","volume":"1435","author":"AE Wood","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am Mus Novit"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref123","article-title":"A middle Miocene primitive octodontoid rodent and its bearing on the early evolutionary history of the Octodontoidea","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Palaeontogr Abt A"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref124","first-page":"247","article-title":"Un Roedor Caviomorpha de la Formaci\u00f3n Trememb\u00e9 (Cuenca de Taubat\u00e9), Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil","volume":"65","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1993","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2011.576732","article-title":"First record of supernumerary teeth in South American fossil rodents","volume":"31","author":"M Arnal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3616.2.2","article-title":"A new acaremyid rodent (Hystricognathi: Octodontoidea) from the Middle Miocene of Patagonia (South America) and considerations on the early evolution of Octodontoidea","volume":"3616","author":"M Arnal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-012-9215-0","article-title":"A new early Miocene chinchilloid hystricognath rodent; an approach to the understanding of the early chinchillid dental evolution","volume":"20","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20192806","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2806","article-title":"2020. Early Oligocene chinchilloid caviomorphs from Puerto Rico and the initial rodent colonization of the West Indies","volume":"287","author":"L Marivaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc. B"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref129","first-page":"172","article-title":"D\u00e9couverte dans le D\u00e9s\u00e9adien de Bolivie des genres pentalophodontes appuyant les affinit\u00e9s africaines des rongeurs caviomorphes","volume":"271","author":"R Hoffstetter","year":"1970","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci Paris"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref130","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rongeurs caviomorphes de l\u2019Oligoc\u00e8ne de Bolivie. Rongeurs du bassin d\u00e9s\u00e9adien de Salla","volume":"7","author":"R Lavocat","year":"1976","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref131","first-page":"371","article-title":"Rodents from the Deseadan Oligocene of Bolivia and the relationships of the Caviomorpha","volume":"149","author":"B Patterson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Mus Comp Zool"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2019.05.003","article-title":"A new chinchilloid (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the early Miocene of the localities of Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca (Patagonia, Argentina)","volume":"18","author":"F Busker","year":"2019","journal-title":"C R Palevol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.22179\/REVMACN.8.356","article-title":"Neoreomys and Scleromys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pinturas Formation, late Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"8","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.5710\/AMGH.24.05.2017.3098","article-title":"First confirmed record of Incamys bolivianus (Caviomorpha, Chinchilloidea) in the Deseadan of Patagonia (Argentina)","volume":"54","author":"F Busker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref135","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new fossil rodent from Ecuador","volume":"35","author":"HE Anthony","year":"1922","journal-title":"Am Mus Novit"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref136","first-page":"181","article-title":"Un nuevo dasyproctidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) del Mioceno inferior de Patagonia","volume":"35","author":"AG Kramarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1264","article-title":"New Palaeogene caviomorphs (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from Santa Rosa, Peru: systematics, biochronology, biogeography and early evolutionary trends","volume":"6","author":"M Arnal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pap Palaeontol."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref138","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eutherian tarsals from the late Paleocene of Brazil","volume":"2761","author":"R Cifelli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Mus Novit"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref139","first-page":"259","article-title":"Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals","volume":"59","author":"T Tsubamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref140","first-page":"191","article-title":"Analysis of mammalian communities from the Late Eocene and Oligocene of southern France","volume":"16","author":"S Legendre","year":"1986","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.07.005","article-title":"A platyrrhine talus from the early Miocene of Peru (Amazonian Madre de Dios Sub-Andean Zone)","volume":"63","author":"L Marivaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref142","first-page":"105","article-title":"Un nuevo Octodontoidea (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) del Oligoceno tard\u00edo de la provincia de Chubut (Argentina)","volume":"21","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref143","first-page":"85","article-title":"El \u2018status\u2019 sistem\u00e1tico de Gaimanomys alwinea (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Echimyidae)","volume":"29","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref144","first-page":"93","article-title":"The presence of Protadelphomys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) in the Colhuehuapian of the South Barrancas of Lake Colhue Huapi (Chubut)","volume":"31","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21067","article-title":"A reassessment of the cranial morphology of Neoepiblema acreensis (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea), a Miocene rodent from South America","volume":"280","author":"L Kerber","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref146","article-title":"Comprehensive total evidence phylogeny of chinchillids (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): Cheek teeth anatomy and evolution","author":"LL Rasia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref147","first-page":"127","article-title":"La Formaci\u00f3n Friaseana del r\u00edo F\u00e9nix, Laguna Blanca, etc. (Patagonia) y su fauna de mam\u00edferos","volume":"10","author":"L Kraglievich","year":"1930","journal-title":"Physis"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref148","first-page":"47","article-title":"Los roedores de la Edad Friasense (Mioceno Medio) de Patagonia","volume":"50","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev Mus La Plata"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref149","first-page":"361","article-title":"Biogeograf\u00eda de puercoespines neotropicales (Rodentia: Hystricognathi): Integrando datos f\u00f3siles y actuales a trav\u00e9s de un enfoque panbiogeogr\u00e1fico","volume":"40","author":"AM Candela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)023[0435:NMRFPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New Miocene rodents of Patagonia (Argentina) and their bearing in the early radiation of the octodontoids (Hystricognathi)","volume":"23","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(03)00360-2","article-title":"The Tinguiririca Fauna, Chile: biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography, and a new earliest Oligocene South American Land Mammal \u2018Age\u2019","volume":"195","author":"JJ Flynn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2011.618194","article-title":"The putative cardiomyines (Rodentia, Cavioidea) of the middle Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the differentiation of the family Hydrochoeridae","volume":"31","author":"MG Vucetich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref153","first-page":"199","article-title":"The first rodent from the Mari\u00f1o Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications","volume":"34","author":"E Cerde\u00f1o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Andean Geol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref154","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina","author":"GM L\u00f3pez","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref155","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents","author":"Springer","year":"1985"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c3","volume-title":"Functional Vertebrate Morphology","author":"M Hildebrand","year":"1985"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref157","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Analysis of vertebrate structure","author":"M Hildebrand","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref158","volume-title":"Evolutionary history of the marsupials and an analysis of osteological characters","author":"FS Szalay","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194585","article-title":"Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity","volume":"330","author":"C Hoorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref160","volume-title":"Geologie von Peru","author":"G Steinmann","year":"1929"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1144\/gsjgs.141.5.0893","article-title":"The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and northern Peru","volume":"141","author":"F M\u00e9gard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Geol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(95)00107-7","article-title":"Cretaceous to early Paleogene tectonic evolution of the northern Central Andes (0\u201318 degrees S) and its relations to geodynamic","volume":"259","author":"E Jaillard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tectonophysics."},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2003)115<0131:COAOTL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Controls on architecture of the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic southern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia","volume":"115","author":"E G\u00f3mez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geol Soc Am Bull"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1130\/B26187.1","article-title":"An integrated analysis of an orogen sedimentary basin pair: Latest Cretaceous-Cenozoic evolution of the linked Eastern Cordillera orogen and the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia","volume":"120","author":"G Bayona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geol Soc Am Bull"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref165","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past","author":"A Mora","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.234.4773.208","article-title":"Miocene characid fishes from Colombia: evolutionary stasis and extirpation","volume":"234","author":"JG Lundberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1995)023<0237:ATAACF>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America","volume":"23","author":"C Hoorn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1130\/GES01294.1","article-title":"Andean topographic growth and basement uplift in southern Colombia: Implications for the evolution of the Magdalena, Orinoco, and Amazon river systems","volume":"12","author":"VJ Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosphere"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref169","first-page":"1","article-title":"Projeto carv\u00e3o no Alto Solim\u00f5es: relat\u00f3rio final","volume":"6","author":"RGN Maia","year":"1977","journal-title":"CPRM"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(93)90087-Y","article-title":"Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study","volume":"105","author":"C Hoorn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(94)90117-1","article-title":"Fluvial palaeoenvironments in the intracratonic Amazonas Basin (early Miocene-early middle Miocene, Colombia)","volume":"109","author":"C Hoorn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref172","first-page":"1","article-title":"Miocene long-lived lake Pebas as a stage of mollusc rolution in western Amazonia","volume":"133","author":"FP Wesselingh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scr Geol"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref173","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past","author":"C Hoorn","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref174","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past","author":"C Hoorn","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref175","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past","author":"J Hovikoski","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20142490","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2490","article-title":"A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian megawetlands","volume":"282","author":"R Salas-Gismondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc. B"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152453","article-title":"A new 13 million year old gavialoid crocodylian from proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands reveals parallel evolutionary trends in skull shape linked to longirostry","volume":"11","author":"R Salas-Gismondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0258455.ref178","first-page":"355","article-title":"Middle Miocene crocodiles from the Fitzcarrald Arch, Amazonian Peru","volume":"8","author":"R Salas-Gismondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cuad del Mus Geominero"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T17:25:52Z","timestamp":1635960352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258455"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kriwet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]}}}