{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:13:40Z","timestamp":1760426020829,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Fund Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KN 402\/21-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KN 402\/21-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["nr. 91539765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr. 91539765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Russeting compromises appearance and downgrades the market value of many fruitcrops, including of the mango cv. \u2018Apple\u2019. The objective was to identify the mechanistic basis of \u2018Apple\u2019 mango\u2019s high susceptibility to russeting. We focused on fruit growth, cuticle deposition, stress\/strain relaxation analysis and the mechanical properties of the cuticle. The non-susceptible mango cv. \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019 served for comparison. Compared with \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019, fruit of \u2018Apple\u2019 had a lower mass, a smaller surface area and a lower growth rate. There were little differences between the epidermal and hypodermal cells of \u2018Apple\u2019 and \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019 including cell size, cell orientation and cell number. Lenticel density decreased during development, being lower in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. The mean lenticel area increased during development but was consistently greater in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. The deposition rate of the cuticular membrane was initially rapid but later slowed till it matched the area expansion rate, thereafter mass per unit area was effectively constant. The cuticle of \u2018Apple\u2019 is thinner than that of \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. Cumulative strain increased sigmoidally with fruit growth. Strains released stepwise on excision and isolation (<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>exc+iso<\/jats:sub>), and on wax extraction (<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>extr<\/jats:sub>) were higher in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. Membrane stiffness increased during development being consistently lower in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. Membrane fracture force (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) was low and constant in developing \u2018Apple\u2019 but increased in \u2018Tommy Atkin\u2019. Membrane strain at fracture (<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) decreased linearly during development but was lower in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. Frequency of membrane failure associated with lenticels increased during development and was consistently higher in \u2018Apple\u2019 than in \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019. The lower rate of cuticular deposition, the higher strain releases on excision, isolation and wax extraction and the weaker cuticle account for the high russet susceptibility of \u2018Apple\u2019 mango.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T19:04:34Z","timestamp":1634151874000},"page":"e0258521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Low cuticle deposition rate in \u2018Apple\u2019 mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-9963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas O.","family":"Athoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-5814","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bishnu P.","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0357-8935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moritz","family":"Knoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258521.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2000.84.11.1180","article-title":"Cuticular fractures promote postharvest fruit rot in sweet cherries","volume":"84","author":"J Borve","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.131.2.192","article-title":"Water on the surface aggravates microscopic cracking of the sweet cherry fruit cuticle","volume":"131","author":"M Knoche","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Amer Soc Hort Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9070898","article-title":"Russeting in \u2018Apple\u2019 mango: Triggers and mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"TO Athoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13178","article-title":"Surface moisture increases microcracking and water vapour permeance of apple fruit skin","volume":"23","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.105.5.735","article-title":"The correlation of weather parameters with russet of \u2018Golden Delicious\u2019 apples under orchard conditions","volume":"105","author":"LL Creasy","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Amer Soc Hort Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.49.10.1324","article-title":"Late-season surface water induces skin spot in apple","volume":"49","author":"A Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-016-2572-9","article-title":"Mismatch between cuticle deposition and area expansion in fruit skins allows potentially catastrophic buildup of elastic strain","volume":"244","author":"X Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2017.1369333","article-title":"Ongoing growth challenges fruit skin integrity","volume":"36","author":"M Knoche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref009","first-page":"137A","article-title":"A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"MJ Karnovsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"J cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.30.1.78","article-title":"The isolation of plant cuticle with pectic enzymes","volume":"30","author":"WH Orgell","year":"1955","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-014-2132-0","article-title":"Evidence for a radial strain gradient in apple fruit cuticles","volume":"240","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12355","article-title":"Intracuticular wax fixes and restricts strain in leaf and fruit cuticles","volume":"200","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx265","article-title":"Mechanical properties of cuticles and their primary determinants","volume":"68","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.69.3.585","article-title":"Physical aspects of fruit growth\u2014Stress distribution around lenticels","volume":"69","author":"K Brown","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pls048","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/pls048","article-title":"Russeting in apple and pear: A plastic periderm replaces a stiff cuticle","volume":"5","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2013","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.47.2.232","article-title":"Increase in epidermal planar cell density accompanies decreased russeting of \u2018Golden Delicious\u2019 apples treated with gibberellin A4+7","volume":"47","author":"E Curry","year":"2012","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091118","article-title":"Russet susceptibility in apple is associated with skin cells that are larger, more variable in size, and of reduced fracture strain","volume":"9","author":"BP Khanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.97.3.351","article-title":"Fine structure of the fruit surface of three apple cultivars","volume":"97","author":"M Faust","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Amer Soc Hort Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.7.3.233","article-title":"Russeting of apples, an interpretive review","volume":"7","author":"M Faust","year":"1972","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"pone.0258521.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9101293","article-title":"Russeting in apple is initiated after exposure to moisture ends\u2014I. Histological evidence","volume":"9","author":"YH Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258521","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:15:55Z","timestamp":1673493355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258521"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}}}