{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:03:42Z","timestamp":1785179022111,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection is underreported due to nonspecific clinical presentation and the nonavailability of sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests at the clinical setup. Hence, this study was designed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy and culture methods with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The socio-demographic factors associated with the infection were explored.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was carried out at the National Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Control Programme in Colombo and Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Control Programme in Kandy. Samples were collected from a total of 385 patients including, 272 females (70.7%) and 113 males (29.3%), and tested using microscopy (wet mount and Giemsa staining), culture, and PCR. Genus-specific primer set (TFR1\/TFR2) that amplifies 5.8S rRNA and species-specific primer sets (TV16Sf-2\/TV16Sr-2 and TVK3\/7) that amplifies 18S rRNA and repetitive DNA, respectively, were used. Patient\u2019s socio-demographic and sexual behaviour data were obtained using a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with R statistical software Version 3.6.3.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis was 4.4% (17\/385). Of these, six (1.6%) were positive for microscopic examination, 7 (1.8%) were positive for culture, and 13 (3.4%) for TVK3\/7, 15 (3.9%) for TV16Sf\/r, and TFR1\/2 17 (4.4%) were positive for PCR. Sensitivities of PCR using TFR1\/2, TV16Sf\/r, and TVK3\/7 primer sets were 100%, 88.20%, and 76.50%, respectively, against the expanded gold standard. Trichomoniasis was associated with age above 36 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033), not using condoms in last three months (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016), multiple sex partners (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), reason for attendance (<jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.027), symptomatic nature (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015), and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study highlighted that age over 36 years, multiple sex partners, not using condoms, reason for attendance, symptomatic nature, and having other sexually transmitted diseases can increase the risk of acquiring trichomoniasis. Furthermore, this study confirmed PCR as highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in comparison to microscopy and culture methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T19:04:55Z","timestamp":1634151895000},"page":"e0258556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparison of diagnostic methods and analysis of socio-demographic factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sayuri","family":"Herath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thivya","family":"Balendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akila","family":"Herath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devika","family":"Iddawela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-1093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susiji","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258556.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.08.006","article-title":"Microsatellite polymorphism in the sexually transmitted human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis indicates a genetically diverse parasite","volume":"175","author":"M Conrad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.005","article-title":"Modified Field\u2019s staining-a rapid stain for Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"68","author":"MY Afzan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.02.024","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: evaluation to execution","volume":"157","author":"DF Harp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0723","article-title":"Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis","volume":"90","author":"WE Secor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0860-0","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenicity and potential role in human reproductive failure","volume":"44","author":"E Mielczarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref006","volume-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections, 2008","author":"J Rowley"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1282823","article-title":"Clinical performance of the Solana\u00ae Point-of-Care Trichomonas Assay from clinician-collected vaginal swabs and urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic women","volume":"17","author":"CA Gaydos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051057","article-title":"Modern diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection","volume":"89","author":"MM Hobbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000026","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection among high-risk women in Los Angeles","volume":"40","author":"M Javanbakht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"11","author":"D Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/373920","article-title":"The Laboratory Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"16","author":"GE Garber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0258556.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.08.023","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?","volume":"190","author":"D. 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