{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:12:41Z","timestamp":1790215961363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010514","name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Seattle Pediatric Concussion Research Collaborative"},{"name":"Sports Health and Safety Institute at UW"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Describe what costs and benefits parents across the socioeconomic spectrum weight most heavily when making decisions about sport participation for their children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative online panel of parents of children between the ages of 5 and 18 (n = 1025, 52% response rate). Parents rated the importance of a series of potential costs and benefits of youth sport and these responses were compared across tertiles of per capita family income. We first examined the association between family income tertiles and cost and benefit variables. Model-based cluster analysis was then used to identity homogeneous groups of responses to costs and benefits.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In all income tertiles, the top two benefits of sport were the same: having fun and being physically active. Sport as a means of keeping children out of trouble was very important for 64% of low-income parents as compared to 40% of high-income parents. Obtaining a college athletic scholarship was very important for 26% of low-income parents, as compared to 8% of high-income parents. Relative rankings of potential costs were similar by income tertile, with risk of concussion and other injury and the impact of sport on schoolwork prioritized across tertiles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Parents prioritized fun and fitness in sport, and were concerned about injury and the impact of sport on academics. Lower income parents were the most likely to view keeping their child out of trouble, and the potential for a college athletics scholarship, as benefits of sport. Efforts to support parental decision making should be grounded in an understanding that family preferences are contextually constrained. While all parents should be appropriately informed about the potential costs and benefits they are weighting in their sports-related decision making, such family-focused efforts should be balanced with the recognition that structural change is needed to address income-related concerns about sport participation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T18:49:35Z","timestamp":1636570175000},"page":"e0258885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Socioeconomic status and parent perceptions about the costs and benefits of youth sport"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-2601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily","family":"Kroshus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Chrisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Rivara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258885.ref001","volume-title":"Physical activity and young people","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","author":"L. Kann","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref003","unstructured":"Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development: Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy: Vol 10, No 1. Accessed March 3, 2020. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1740898042000334890"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2008.11950150","article-title":"\u201cThe Schedule Has Been Tough But We Think It\u2019s Worth It\u201d: The Joys, Challenges, and Recommendations of Youth Sport Parents","volume":"40","author":"LD Wiersma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400152809098","article-title":"Purposive Leisure: Examining Parental Discourses on Family Activities","volume":"23","author":"SM Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258885.ref006","first-page":"10","article-title":"Understanding the Perceived Attributes and Consequences of Participation in Youth \u201cRep\u201d Hockey","volume":"7","author":"C Chard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.414","article-title":"A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors","volume":"15","author":"EU Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Behav Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258885.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0733-4","article-title":"The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Child and Adolescent Physical Health: An Organization and Systematic Comparison of Measures","volume":"23","author":"J. Wolfe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0258885.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690218764626","article-title":"Social class differences in youths\u2019 participation in organized sports: What are the mechanisms?","volume":"54","author":"PL Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Sociol Sport"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.014","article-title":"Socioeconomic status of parents with children participating on youth club sport teams","volume":"32","author":"EG Post","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"s2","key":"pone.0258885.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S422","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0476","article-title":"Results from the United States 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth","volume":"15","author":"PT Katzmarzyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258885.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147403","article-title":"Family Structure as a Correlate of Organized Sport Participation among Youth","volume":"11","author":"R McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0258885.ref013","first-page":"1309","article-title":"its impact on youth sport participation choice","volume":"4","author":"Mohan L. Race","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sport Stud"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref014","article-title":"Out-of-School Time Is Critical for Children: Who Participates in Programs? Research-to-Results Fact Sheet.","author":"C Theokas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Publication #2006\u201320. Child Trends"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258885.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198110363884","article-title":"Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review","volume":"37","author":"MW Beets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690208099874","article-title":"Benefits and Detriments of African American Male Athletes\u2019 Participation in a Big-Time College Football Program","volume":"43","author":"JN Singer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Rev Sociol Sport."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1086\/657114","article-title":"Income Inequality and Income Segregation","volume":"116","author":"SF Reardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258885.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416642430","article-title":"Inequality in Children\u2019s Contexts: Income Segregation of Households with and without Children","volume":"81","author":"A. Owens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258885.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0058","article-title":"Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity","volume":"117","author":"P Gordon-Larsen","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258885.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2502_05","article-title":"Resources for physical activity participation: Does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status?","volume":"25","author":"PA Estabrooks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258885.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.09.021","article-title":"Availability of Recreational Resources in Minority and Low Socioeconomic Status Areas.","volume":"34","author":"LV Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.12.037","article-title":"Parental concern about concussion risk for their children.","volume":"222","author":"E Kroshus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05332.x","article-title":"Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future","volume":"1186","author":"KA Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258885.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2013-0094","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Perspectives on the Benefits of Sport Participation for Young Children","volume":"28","author":"KC Neely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258885.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.05.007","article-title":"Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families","volume":"12","author":"NL Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S33556","article-title":"Youth sport: positive and negative impact on young athletes","volume":"4","author":"DL Merkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref027","unstructured":"US Census. Household Income: HINC-06. The United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 3, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/income-poverty\/cps-hinc\/hinc-06.html"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref028","unstructured":"Data. United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 3, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/cps\/data.html"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0258885.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094962","article-title":"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development","volume":"49","author":"MF Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258885.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2013-0180","article-title":"The Fun Integration Theory: Toward Sustaining Children and Adolescents Sport Participation","volume":"12","author":"AJ Visek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0258885.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7120247","article-title":"Attitudes and Beliefs towards Sport Specialization, College Scholarships, and Financial Investment among High School Baseball Parents","volume":"7","author":"EG Post","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"pone.0258885.ref032","unstructured":"Probability of Competing Beyond High School. NCAA. Published December 17, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2020. http:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/about\/resources\/research\/probability-competing-beyond-high-school"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258885.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305286051","article-title":"Factors That Influence Physical Activity Participation Among High- and Low-SES Youth","volume":"16","author":"ML Humbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258885.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1332\/204674315X14393034138937","article-title":"Conforming to intensive parenting ideals: willingness, reluctance and social context","volume":"6","author":"C Smyth","journal-title":"Fam Relatsh Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258885.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12193","article-title":"The Impact of Family Financial Investment on Perceived Parent Pressure and Child Enjoyment and Commitment in Organized Youth Sport","volume":"65","author":"CR Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"Supplement 3","key":"pone.0258885.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0516E","article-title":"A 4-Step Framework for Shared Decision-making in Pediatrics","volume":"142","author":"DJ Opel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T18:50:21Z","timestamp":1636570221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258885"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Petri","family":"B\u00f6ckerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]}}}