{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:52:31Z","timestamp":1790049151439,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011096","name":"Philippine Council for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the major threat of leptospirosis to public health in the Philippines, its epidemiologic data remain scarce. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a method often used for identification of circulating <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species and disease surveillance. Unfortunately, molecular typing of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> isolates is not routinely done in most hospital settings. A simplified MLST scheme targeting three loci (<jats:italic>adk<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>lipL41<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mreA<\/jats:italic>) was performed for rapid direct typing of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> in clinical specimens. Blood samples from suspected or clinically diagnosed cases (n = 50) were initially screened via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA (<jats:italic>rrs2<\/jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic> genes. From the nine positives, seven had interpretable data from MLST. Allelic profiles identified <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> in all positive samples. Six were assigned to ST12 of serovar Manilae (serogroup Pyrogenes) while one sample cannot be clearly differentiated between two serovars\/serogroups, Bataviae\/Losbanos (serogroup Bataviae) or Australis (serogroup Australis), indicating possibility of a new ST. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the application of simplified MLST scheme produces consistent results with the seven-loci genetic profile of published <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> MLST schemes. Reduced scheme addressed the challenges often encountered in the amplification of full MLST genetic profile of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. The approach is a potential alternative to serological tests for rapid typing of clinical specimens and can also aid in investigations on disease epidemiology specifically to monitor occurrence, pathogen transmission, host specificity and susceptibility, and other factors that could lead to potential outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T03:51:27Z","timestamp":1634788287000},"page":"e0258891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Application of simplified MLST scheme for direct typing of clinical samples from human leptospirosis cases in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marjo V.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4659-6132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Windell L.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258891.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"PN Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0258891.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004122","article-title":"Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in terms of disability adjusted life years","volume":"9","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0258891.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.002","article-title":"Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire?","volume":"104","author":"CL Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0258891.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843","article-title":"Environmental and behavioural determinants of leptospirosis transmission: A systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"MA Mwachui","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0258891.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012","article-title":"Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis.","author":"B Abela-Ridder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0258891.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258891.ref007","unstructured":"Department of Health. 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