{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:42:26Z","timestamp":1783471346762,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"wellcome trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["083931\/Z\/07\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["083931\/Z\/07\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund","award":["0010006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0010006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013961","name":"robertson foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"university of cambridge vice chancellor award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The interaction of socio-demographic and ecological factors with <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni (S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni)<\/jats:italic> infection risk by age and the household clustering of infections between individuals are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examined 1,832 individuals aged 5\u201390 years across 916 households in Mayuge District, Uganda. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection status and intensity were measured using Kato-Katz microscopy. Socio-demographic and ecological factors were examined as predictors of infection status and intensity using logistic and negative binomial regression models, respectively, with standard errors clustered by household. A subgroup analysis of children was conducted to examine the correlation of infection status between children and their caretakers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Infection varied within age groups based on the distance to Lake Victoria. Children aged 9\u201317 years and young adults aged 18\u201329 years who lived \u22640.50km from Lake Victoria were more likely to be infected compared to individuals of the same age who lived further away from the lake. Infections clustered within households. Children whose caretakers were heavily infected were 2.67 times more likely to be infected.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings demonstrate the focality of schistosome transmission and its dependence on socio-demographic, ecological and household factors. Future research should investigate the sampling of households within communities as a means of progressing towards precision mapping of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T17:38:00Z","timestamp":1636047480000},"page":"e0258915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Schistosoma mansoni infection risk for school-aged children clusters within households and is modified by distance to freshwater bodies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcis B.","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edridah M.","family":"Tukahebwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4653-0846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Goylette F.","family":"Chami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258915.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007617","article-title":"The prevalence of schistosomiasis in Uganda: A nationally representative population estimate to inform control programs and water and sanitation interventions","volume":"13","author":"NG Exum","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258915.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030036","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: Epidemiology and global Burden","volume":"2","author":"AK Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0258915.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis. 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