{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:33:04Z","timestamp":1783639984289,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP 6-238-3-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP 6-238-3-059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal fetal growth can be associated with factors during pregnancy and at postpartum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we aimed to assess the incidence, risk factors, and feto-maternal outcomes associated with small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a population-based retrospective study on 14,641 singleton live births registered in the PEARL-Peristat Study between April 2017 and March 2018 in Qatar. We estimated the incidence and examined the risk factors and outcomes using univariate and multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SGA and LGA incidence rates were 6.0% and 15.6%, respectively. In-hospital mortality among SGA and LGA infants was 2.5% and 0.3%, respectively, while for NICU admission or death in labor room and operation theatre was 28.9% and 14.9% respectively. Preterm babies were more likely to be born SGA (aRR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.45\u20133.57) but male infants (aRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.4\u20130.81), those born to parous (aRR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.93), or overweight (aRR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42\u20130.97) mothers were less likely to be born SGA. On the other hand, males (aRR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.49\u20132.19), infants born to parous mothers (aRR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.63\u20132.82), or to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (aRR 1.36; 95% CI, 1.11\u20131.66), or pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (aRR 2.58; 95% CI, 1.8\u20133.47) were significantly more likely to be LGA. SGA infants were at high risk of in-hospital mortality (aRR, 226.56; 95% CI, 3.47\u2013318.22), neonatal intensive care unit admission or death in labor room or operation theatre (aRR, 2.14 (1.36\u20133.22).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monitoring should be coordinated to alleviate the risks of inappropriate fetal growth and the associated adverse consequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1635442713000},"page":"e0258967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incidence, risk factors, and feto-maternal outcomes of inappropriate birth weight for gestational age among singleton live births in Qatar: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Younes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthanna","family":"Samara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Al-jurf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gheyath","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawsan","family":"Al-Obaidly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husam","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawa","family":"Olukade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hammuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Abdoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palli Valapila","family":"Abdulrouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"AlQubaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Al Rifai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-0574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nader","family":"Al-Dewik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0258967.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0258967.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951113001960","article-title":"The importance of small for gestational age in the risk assessment of infants with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"23","author":"AA Sochet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"pone.0258967.ref003","author":"FG Cunningham","year":"2010","edition":"23"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0258967.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205387","article-title":"Mother\u2019s education and the risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth: a DRIVERS meta-analysis of 12 European cohorts","volume":"69","author":"M Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258967.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340801899289","article-title":"The macrosomic fetus: a challenge in current obstetrics","volume":"87","author":"T. 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