{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T19:12:56Z","timestamp":1776366776028,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthrax is the highest-ranked priority zoonotic disease in Kenya with about ten human cases annually. Anthrax outbreak was reported in Kisumu East Sub County after some villagers slaughtered and ate beef from a cow suspected to have died of anthrax. We aimed at establishing the magnitude of the outbreak, described associated factors, and assessed community knowledge, attitude, and practices on anthrax.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed human and animal records, conducted case search and contact tracing using standard case definitions in the period from July 1through to July 28, 2019. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess community knowledge, attitude, and practices towards anthrax. The household selection was done using multistage sampling. We cleaned and analyzed data in Ms. Excel and Epi Info. Descriptive statistics were carried out for continuous and categorical variables while analytical statistics for the association between dependent and independent variables were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 53 persons exposed through consumption or contact with suspicious beef, 23 cases (confirmed: 1, probable: 4, suspected: 18) were reviewed. The proportion of females was 52.17% (12\/23), median age 13.5 years and range 45 years. The attack rate was 43.4% (23\/53) and the case fatality rate was 4.35% (1\/23). Knowledge level, determined by dividing those considered to be \u2018having good knowledge\u2019 on anthrax (numerator) by the total number of respondents (denominator) in the population regarding cause, transmission, symptoms and prevention was 51% for human anthrax and 52% for animal anthrax. Having good knowledge on anthrax was associated with rural residence [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 2.1\u201314.4; p&lt;0.001)], having seen a case of anthrax [OR = 6.2 (95% CI 2.8\u201314.2; p&lt;0.001)] and among those who present cattle for vaccination [OR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.2\u20135.6; p = 0.02)]. About 23.2% (26\/112) would slaughter and sell beef to neighbors while 63.4% (71\/112) would bury or burn the carcass. Nearly 93.8% (105\/112) believed vaccination prevents anthrax. However, 5.4% (62\/112) present livestock for vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most anthrax exposures were through meat consumption. Poor knowledge of the disease might hamper prevention and control efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1636047562000},"page":"e0259017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u2018We dry contaminated meat to make it safe\u2019: An assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices on anthrax during an outbreak, Kisumu, Kenya, 2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-4902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernard Chege","family":"Mugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Lekopien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Owiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259017.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.2.2309","article-title":"Anthrax as an example of the One Health concept","volume":"33","author":"RG Bengis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.30.3.299","article-title":"Anthrax in Man and Animals.","volume":"30","author":"MP Ravenel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Heal Nations Heal."},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4016.1273","article-title":"Brucellosis in man and animals in staffordshire laboratory observations","volume":"2","author":"J. Menton","year":"1937","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref004","first-page":"196","article-title":"A Review on Anthrax and its Public Health and Economic Importance.","volume":"4","author":"A Alebie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad J Anim Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2267-0","article-title":"Livestock owners\u2019 anthrax prevention practices and its associated factors in Sekota Zuria district, Northeast Ethiopia.","volume":"16","author":"K Seid","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref006","article-title":"Review of Anthrax: a Disease of Animals and Humans","volume":"4","author":"W. Ngetich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Agric Environ Bioresearch"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref007","author":"AC Territory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal Diseases Act 2005"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2505","article-title":"Investigation into Bacillus anthracis spore in soil and analysis of environmental parameters related to repeated anthrax outbreak in Sirajganj","volume":"43","author":"MM Ahsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bangladesh. Thai J Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i1.20","article-title":"Anthrax: A disease of biowarfare and public health importance","volume":"3","author":"AK Goel","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180479","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180479","article-title":"Risk factors for human cutaneous anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot districts of northern Tanzania: an unmatched case\u2013control study.","volume":"5","author":"ER Mwakapeje","year":"2018","journal-title":"R Soc open Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref011","first-page":"1333","article-title":"UKPMC Funders Group Author Manuscript Predictability of anthrax infection in the Serengeti, Tanzania.","volume":"48","author":"K Hampson","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0435-4","article-title":"The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife.","volume":"4","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref013","first-page":"243","article-title":"Diseases of small ruminants.","author":"L Kusiluka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ Anim Heal Prod."},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref014","author":"P Munyua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prioritization of Zoonotic Diseases in Kenya"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0320","article-title":"Serologic evidence of the geographic distribution of bacterial zoonotic agents in Kenya, 2007","volume":"94","author":"VO Omballa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref016","first-page":"419","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding Anthrax among Community Members, Health and Veterinary Workers in Maragua, Kenya.","volume":"10","author":"I Chacha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-162","article-title":"Knowledge of causes, clinical features and diagnosis of common zoonoses among medical practitioners in Tanzania.","volume":"8","author":"K John","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003310","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) about Rabies Prevention and Control: A Community Survey in Tanzania.","volume":"8","author":"M Sambo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref019","unstructured":"County Government of Kisumu. Kisumu County Annual Development Plan FY 2018\/109. 2018; 2. Available: https:\/\/www.kisumu.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Kisumu-County-CADP-2018-2019.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref020","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume 1: Population by County and Sub-County. 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census. 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-i-population-by-county-and-sub-county."},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref021","first-page":"33","article-title":"Choudhury & G. an Investigation on Effect of Bias on Determination of Sample Size on the Basis of Data Related To the Students of Schools of Guwahati.","volume":"2","author":"HK Sarmah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Appl Math Stat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224176","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to anthrax and animal care: A case-control study in Georgia.","volume":"14","author":"RM Traxler","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Specimen shipping (Section 4)","author":"SI Case","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0224","article-title":"Recurrent Anthrax Outbreaks in Humans, Livestock, and Wildlife in the Same Locality, Kenya, 2014\u20132017","volume":"99","author":"M Muturi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201102-0209CI","article-title":"Anthrax infection.","volume":"184","author":"DA Sweeney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1086\/497143","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"41","author":"DL Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2017.66-76","article-title":"Prevention, detection, and response to anthrax outbreak in Northern Tanzania using one health approach: A case study of Selela ward in Monduli district.","volume":"3","author":"ER Mwakapeje","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J One Heal"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001304","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of anthrax outbreaks among Kenyan wildlife, 1999\u20132017","volume":"147","author":"JM Gachohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2020.00008","article-title":"Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil\u2013A military medical perspective","volume":"10","author":"E-J Finke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005580","article-title":"Awareness and attitudes towards anthrax and meat consumption practices among affected communities in Zambia: A mixed methods approach.","volume":"11","author":"DC Sitali","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1466265","article-title":"Dehydrated foods: Are they microbiologically safe?","volume":"59","author":"B Chitrakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13201","article-title":"Is there an infection risk when playing drums contaminated with Bacillus anthracis?","author":"AM Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0259017.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008026","article-title":"Outbreak of gastrointestinal anthrax following eating beef of suspicious origin: Isingiro District, Uganda, 2017.","volume":"14","author":"M Nakanwagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T08:09:31Z","timestamp":1699776571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259017"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eric","family":"F\u00e8vre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}}}