{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1768735753631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in its scientific understanding, dyslexia is still associated with rampant public misconceptions. Here, we trace these misconceptions to the interaction between two intuitive psychological principles: Dualism and Essentialism. We hypothesize that people essentialize dyslexia symptoms that they anchor in the body. Experiment 1 shows that, when dyslexia is associated with visual confusions (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>reversals)\u2014symptoms that are naturally viewed as embodied (in the eyes), laypeople consider dyslexia as more severe, immutable, biological, and heritable, compared to when dyslexia is linked to difficulties with phonological decoding (a symptom seen as less strongly embodied). Experiments 2\u20133 show that the embodiment of symptoms plays a causal role in promoting essentialist thinking. Experiment 2 shows that, when participants are provided evidence that the symptoms of dyslexia are embodied (i.e., they \u201cshow up\u201d in a brain scan), people are more likely to consider dyslexia as heritable compared to when the same symptoms are diagnosed behaviorally (without any explicit evidence for the body). Finally, Experiment 3 shows that reasoning about the severity of dyslexia symptoms can be modulated by manipulating people\u2019s attitudes about the mind\/body links, generally. These results show how public attitudes towards psychological disorders arise from the very principles that make the mind tick.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T19:19:42Z","timestamp":1638472782000},"page":"e0259019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Public misconceptions about dyslexia: The role of intuitive psychology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-7702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iris","family":"Berent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9830","key":"pone.0259019.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"RL Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0259019.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000411","article-title":"Reading disorders and dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"C Hulme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259019.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1459","article-title":"What Do Preservice Teachers from the USA and the UK Know about Dyslexia?","volume":"20","author":"EK Washburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0259019.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2013.412136","article-title":"Lay Knowledge of Dyslexia","volume":"04","author":"A Furnham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0259019.ref005","first-page":"203","article-title":"Adult perceptions of children with dyslexia in the usa","volume":"2018","author":"A Castillo","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259019.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x","article-title":"Interventions for children\u2019s language and literacy difficulties","volume":"47","author":"MJ Snowling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"5647","key":"pone.0259019.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0","article-title":"Difficulties in auditory organisation as a possible cause of reading backwardness","volume":"271","author":"L Bradley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0259019.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076","article-title":"Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults","volume":"126","author":"F Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0259019.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043","article-title":"Dyslexia (Specific Reading Disability)","volume":"57","author":"SE Shaywitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259019.ref010","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Reading and its development: Component skills approach","author":"R Olson","year":"1990"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0259019.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44875","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044875","article-title":"Dyslexia impairs speech recognition but can spare phonological competence","volume":"7","author":"I Berent","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0259019.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","article-title":"To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"J Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends In Neurosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0259019.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1629","article-title":"Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? 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