{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:10:50Z","timestamp":1787843450082,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018948","name":"Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17172730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17172730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories both involve suspiciousness about the intentions of others but have rarely been studied together. In three studies, one with a mainly student sample (N = 496) and two with more representative UK population samples (N = 1,519, N = 638) we compared single and two-factor models of paranoia and conspiracy theories as well as associations between both belief systems and other psychological constructs. A model with two correlated factors was the best fit in all studies. Both belief systems were associated with poor locus of control (belief in powerful others and chance) and loneliness. Paranoid beliefs were specifically associated with negative self-esteem and, in two studies, insecure attachment; conspiracy theories were associated with positive self-esteem in the two larger studies and narcissistic personality traits in the final study. Conspiracist thinking but not paranoia was associated with poor performance on the Cognitive Reflection Task (poor analytical thinking). The findings suggest that paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories are distinct but correlated belief systems with both common and specific psychological components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T18:08:40Z","timestamp":1649354920000},"page":"e0259053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Why conspiracy theorists are not always paranoid: Conspiracy theories and paranoia form separate factors with distinct psychological predictors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3211-4013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azzam","family":"Alsuhibani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-5223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Shevlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryony","family":"Sheaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7561-2923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Bentall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259053.ref001","volume-title":"The paranoid style in American politics and other essays","author":"R. Hofstadter","year":"1952"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/johs.12095","article-title":"The paranoid style revisited: Pseudo-conservativism in the 21st century","volume":"30","author":"S. Applerouth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hist Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2494","article-title":"How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories","volume":"48","author":"R Imhoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00106-4","article-title":"Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical integration","volume":"21","author":"RP Bentall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00066-3","article-title":"Persecutory delusions: A cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment","volume":"7","author":"D. Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472944528","volume-title":"Suspicious minds: Why we believe conspiracy theories","author":"R. Brotherton","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.5.427","article-title":"Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population","volume":"186","author":"D Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005667","article-title":"A survey of delusional ideation in primary-care patients","volume":"28","author":"H Verdoux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119032","article-title":"The structure of paranoia in the general population","volume":"202","author":"P Bebbington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.03.022","article-title":"Do paranoid delusions exist on a continuum with subclinical paranoia?","volume":"190","author":"A Elahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"A multi-method taxometric study Schizophr Res"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0914-0","article-title":"From adversity to psychosis: Pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms","volume":"49","author":"RP Bentall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131622","article-title":"Delusional belief","volume":"62","author":"M Coltheart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2307\/2095107","article-title":"Paranoia and the structure of powerlessness","volume":"48","author":"J Mirowsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Sociol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1989.tb02826.x","article-title":"Persecutory delusions and attributional style","volume":"62","author":"S Kaney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.02.003","article-title":"Paranoia and self-concepts in psychosis: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"216","author":"B Tiernan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiat Res"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.016","article-title":"Insecure attachment predicts proneness to paranoia but not hallucinations","volume":"44","author":"L Pickering","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002633","article-title":"Insecure attachment is associated with paranoia but not hallucinations in psychotic patients: The mediating role of negative self esteem","volume":"45","author":"S Wickham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.1","article-title":"The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: A transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression","volume":"66","author":"RP Bentall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv150","article-title":"Psychosis, delusions and the \u2018jumping to conclusions\u2019 reasoning bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"R Dudley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1354-4","article-title":"The concomitants of conspiracy concerns","volume":"52","author":"D Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612457686","article-title":"NASA faked the Moon landing - therefore, (climate) science Is a hoax: An anatomy of the motivated rejection of science","volume":"24","author":"S Lewandowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"225","key":"pone.0259053.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire","volume":"4","author":"M Bruder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1583","article-title":"Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9\/11 conspiracist beliefs","volume":"24","author":"V Swami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611434786","article-title":"Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories","volume":"3","author":"MJ Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417718261","article-title":"The psychology of conspiracy theories","volume":"26","author":"KM Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2308","article-title":"Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs","volume":"48","author":"M Marchlewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-013-9165-6","article-title":"The effect of high-anxiety situations on conspiracy thinking","volume":"32","author":"M. Grzesiak-Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3161","article-title":"The Influence of control on belief in conspiracy theories: Conceptual and applied extensions","volume":"29","author":"J-W van Prooijen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3301","article-title":"Why education predicts decreased belief in conspiracy theories","volume":"31","author":"J-W van Prooijen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615616170","article-title":"Does self-love or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem, and endorsement of conspiracy theories","volume":"7","author":"A Cichocka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2496","article-title":"Collective narcissism and the growth of conspiracy thinking over the course of the 2016 United States presidential election: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"48","author":"AG de Zavala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.08.006","article-title":"Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories","volume":"133","author":"V Swami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.12.023","article-title":"Anxious attachment and belief in conspiracy theories","volume":"125","author":"R Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.102.3.884-886","article-title":"Paranoia and conspiracy thinking of Jews, Arabs, Germans, and Russians in a Polish sample","volume":"102","author":"M Grzesiak-Feldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.1.129","article-title":"Paranoia and self-consciousness","volume":"62","author":"A Fenigstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.02.027","article-title":"Belief in conspiracy theories: The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy","volume":"50","author":"H Darwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.02.011","article-title":"Bored to fears: Boredom proneness, paranoia, and conspiracy theories","volume":"80","author":"R Brotherton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson MS, Rose C. The role of paranoia in a dual-process motivational model of conspiracy belief. In: van Prooijen J-W, van Lange PAM, editors. Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders. 2014. p. 273-291.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139565417.019"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12327","article-title":"On the grammar of politics - or why conservatives prefer nouns","volume":"37","author":"A Cichocka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polit Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629","article-title":"Dual-process accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition","volume":"59","author":"JSBT Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref041","author":"Kahneman","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.031","article-title":"Gut feelings, deliberative thought, and paranoid ideation: A study of experiential and rational reasoning","volume":"197","author":"D Freeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.06.005","article-title":"The use of intuitive and analytic reasoning styles by patients with persecutory delusions","volume":"45","author":"D Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1257\/089533005775196732","article-title":"Cognitive reflection and decision making","volume":"19","author":"S. Frederick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2013.844729","article-title":"Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test","volume":"20","author":"ME Toplak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Think Reason"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.12.006","article-title":"Pathways to paranoia: Analytic thinking and belief flexibility","volume":"113","author":"MV Bronstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2018.1437608","article-title":"Academic and non-academic predictors of student psychological distress: The role of social identity and isolation","volume":"27","author":"JC McIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1994.13.2.152","article-title":"Loneliness and interpersonal trust","volume":"13","author":"KJ Rotenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1348\/147608308X398337","article-title":"The Persecution and Deservedness Scale","volume":"82","author":"S Melo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226","article-title":"Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model","volume":"61","author":"K Bartholomew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007355","article-title":"The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): Psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and clinical samples","volume":"36","author":"D Fowler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.1974.10119988","article-title":"Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control","volume":"38","author":"H Levenson","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness inl large surveys: Results from two population-based studies","volume":"26","author":"ME Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref054","volume-title":"Mplus 7.4","author":"LK Muthen","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/0081-1750.00078","article-title":"Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with non-normal missing data","volume":"30","author":"K Yuan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sociol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","article-title":"Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification","volume":"3","author":"LT Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cut-off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","article-title":"A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"LR Tucker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4","article-title":"Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach","volume":"25","author":"JH Steiger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref061","first-page":"465","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimensions of a model","volume":"6","author":"G. Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/83.2.251","article-title":"Approximate Bayes factors and accounting for model uncertainty in generalised linear models","volume":"83","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216970212006","article-title":"Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures","volume":"21","author":"T. Raykov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Psychol Meast"},{"issue":"279","key":"pone.0259053.ref065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale","volume":"4","author":"R Brotherton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.08.019","article-title":"Investigating self-esteem in individuals with schizophrenia: Relevance of the Self-Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form","volume":"143","author":"T Lecomte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500007622","article-title":"Investigating an alternative form of the cognitive reflection test","volume":"11","author":"KS Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1029-4","article-title":"Effect of response format on cognitive reflection: Validating a two and four-option multiple choice question version of the Cognitive Reflection Test","volume":"50","author":"M Sirota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0259053.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000243","article-title":"Selecting the best items for a short-form of the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire","volume":"32","author":"M-F Lafontaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033192","article-title":"A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory\u201313 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16","volume":"25","author":"B Gentile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.18","article-title":"God and the government: Testing a compensatory control cechanism for the support of external systems","volume":"95","author":"AC Kay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12029","article-title":"Compensatory control and its implications for ideological extremism","volume":"69","author":"AC Kay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.4.810","article-title":"Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors?","volume":"70","author":"HW Marsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12231","article-title":"The relationship between insecure attachment and paranoia in psychosis: A systematic literature review","volume":"59","author":"R Lavin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2016.1192025","article-title":"Analytic cognitive style, not delusional ideation, predicts data gathering in a large beads task study","volume":"21","author":"RM Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97202-2_3","volume-title":"Delusions in context","author":"RP Bentall","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref077","volume-title":"Voodoo histories: The role of the conspiracy theory in shaping modern history","author":"D. Aaranovitch","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500006999","article-title":"On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit","volume":"10","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101832","article-title":"Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking","volume":"8","author":"MV Bronstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Res Mem Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.1.143","article-title":"Fluctuations in self-esteem and paranoia in the context of everyday life","volume":"117","author":"V Thewissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr019","article-title":"Negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia: A longitudinal pathway analysis using structural equation modeling","volume":"38","author":"D Fowler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"pone.0259053.ref082","volume-title":"The Hitler conspiracies: The Third Reich and the paranoid imagination","author":"RJ Evans","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:38:01Z","timestamp":1675211881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259053"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter Karl","family":"Jonason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]}}}