{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:32:57Z","timestamp":1787319177262,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the development and progression of presbyopia and the status of dry eye-related symptoms from 2017 to 2020, to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Near add power at 30 cm was measured in 339 participants aged between 40 and 55 from 2017 to 2021 at Japanese eye clinics. Regression analysis of near add power and age was analyzed to compare 2017 with later years up to the pandemic. The prevalence of dry eye-related signs and six common symptoms were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number and mean age (y) of participants were 183 (48.6\u00b14.1) in 2017, 46 (51.3\u00b17.5) in 2019, and 110 (49.2\u00b13.7) in 2020\u201321, respectively. The mean progression rate of near add power (D\/y) was 0.13 for 2017, 0.09 for 2019 (P = 0.028, vs 2017), and 0.08 for 2020\u201321 (P&lt;0.001, vs 2017). The slope (rate of presbyopia progression) became flatter from 2017 to 2021 and the estimated near add power at the age of 40 increased from 2017 to 2020\u20132021, implicating presbyopia developed earlier and worsened during the study period. The 2017 values were comparable with previous studies described in 1922 and 2019. The standardized correlation coefficient between age and near add power was 0.816 for 2017, 0.671 for 2019 (P = 0.084, vs 2017), and 0.572 for 2020\u201321 (P&lt;0.001, vs 2017). Multiple regression analysis revealed age and COVID-19 pandemic were significantly correlated with near add power. The prevalence of dryness irritation, and pain was greater in 2020\u201321 than in 2017 with no difference in the prevalence of eye fatigue, blurring, and photophobia. There was no difference in the prevalence of short tear break-up time and positive corneal staining among 2017, 2019 and 2020\u201321.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated presbyopia developed earlier and progressed slower from 2017 to 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress and rapid digitalization related to strict infection control and quarantine might be contributing factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T13:35:20Z","timestamp":1636637720000},"page":"e0259142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Presbyopia developed earlier during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-9810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-0164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masahiko","family":"Ayaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0259142.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0259142.ref002","article-title":"To save our eyes, urgent public health policies are required after the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"P Tawonkasiwattanakun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0259142.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291","article-title":"Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China","volume":"138","author":"P Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0259142.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S301040","article-title":"Ocular Manifestations of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"15","author":"Y Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0259142.ref005","article-title":"Self-reported symptoms of mask-associated dry eye: a survey study of 3,605 people","author":"L Boccardo","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0259142.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement","volume":"139","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0259142.ref007","unstructured":"Japanese national survey: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/11911500\/000662173.pdf. accessed at April 25, 2021"},{"key":"pone.0259142.ref008","unstructured":"Japanese national survey: www5.cao.go.jp\/keizai2\/manzoku\/\u2026\/result2_covid.pdf. 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