{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:58:48Z","timestamp":1773291528623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2CDA050098, UG1DA050066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CDA050098, UG1DA050066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2CDA050098, UG1DA050066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CDA050098, UG1DA050066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protective behaviors such as mask wearing and physical distancing are critical to slow the spread of COVID-19, even in the context of vaccine scale-up. Understanding the variation in self-reported COVID-19 protective behaviors is critical to developing public health messaging. The purpose of the study is to provide nationally representative estimates of five self-reported COVID-19 protective behaviors and correlates of such behaviors. In this cross-sectional survey study of US adults, surveys were administered via internet and telephone. Adults were surveyed from April 30-May 4, 2020, a time of peaking COVID-19 incidence within the US. Participants were recruited from the probability-based AmeriSpeak\u00ae national panel. Brief surveys were completed by 994 adults, with 73.0% of respondents reported mask wearing, 82.7% reported physical distancing, 75.1% reported crowd avoidance, 89.8% reported increased hand-washing, and 7.7% reported having prior COVID-19 testing. Multivariate analysis (p critical value .05) indicates that women were more likely to report protective behaviors than men, as were those over age 60. Respondents who self-identified as having low incomes, histories of criminal justice involvement, and Republican Party affiliation, were less likely to report four protective behaviors, though Republicans and individuals with criminal justice histories were more likely to report having received COVID-19 testing. The majority of Americans engaged in COVID-19 protective behaviors, with low-income Americans, those with histories of criminal justice involvement, and self-identified Republicans less likely to engage in these preventive behaviors. Culturally competent public health messaging and interventions might focus on these latter groups to prevent future infections. These findings will remain highly relevant even with vaccines widely available, given the complementarities between vaccines and protective behaviors, as well as the many challenges in delivering vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T17:31:13Z","timestamp":1636133473000},"page":"e0259257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["National variability in Americans\u2019 COVID-19 protective behaviors: Implications for vaccine roll-out"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-1438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruce G.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Hotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phoebe A.","family":"Lamuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-6735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ozik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-3351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Tuyet Pho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marynia","family":"Kolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Pagkas-Bather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold A.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259257.ref001","unstructured":"Coronavirus Resource Center: Johns Hopkins University 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html."},{"key":"pone.0259257.ref002","article-title":"COVID-19 and Racial\/Ethnic Disparities","author":"M Webb Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0259257.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.2.154","article-title":"Age-Related Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"SJ Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0259257.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145094","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Our Early Life Environment, Life Trajectory and Socioeconomic Status Determine Disease Susceptibility and Severity?","volume":"21","author":"C Holuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0259257.ref005","article-title":"COVID-19 During the Opioid Epidemic\u2014Exacerbation of Stigma and Vulnerabilities.","author":"WD Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rural Health."},{"key":"pone.0259257.ref006","article-title":"Ethnicity, Household Composition and COVID-19 Mortality: A National Linked Data Study.","author":"V Nafilyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259257.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1212","article-title":"Collision of the COVID-19 and Addiction Epidemics","volume":"173","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0259257.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States","volume":"2020","author":"QQ Wang","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0259257.ref009","unstructured":"Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Advice for the Public: World Health Organization; 2020b [updated n.d. 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