{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:11:05Z","timestamp":1780096265235,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010547","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis caused by the cestode <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> remains a serious helminthic zoonosis affecting humans and animals in many endemic developing countries. Surgical intervention is the best management choice, although it is associated with high recurrence rates and serious complications. Also, the commonly used chemotherapeutics exhibited serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of eugenol (Eug) essential oil and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) against protoscoleces (PCs) of hydatid cysts <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eug-NE was prepared and characterized. Their cytotoxicity on macrophages was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>granulosus<\/jats:italic> PCs were treated with various concentrations of Eug and Eug-NE at different exposure times. The viability of protoscoleces was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test, and the changes in the morphology of protoscoleces were assessed. Albendazole (ABZ) was used as a positive control.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The cellular cytotoxicity of Eug and Eug-NE on macrophage cells, in minimum and maximum concentrations (0.2 and 1 \u03bcl\/mL), were nearly negligible ranging from 4.7% to 8.3% and 3.7% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed highly significant activity of Eug-NE and Eug against hydatid PCs compared to ABZ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Eug and Eug-NE have similar protoscolicidal effects at all used concentrations. Their highest scolicidal activity (100% mortality rate) was recorded at 1 \u03bcl\/ml after 30 min incubation (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 0.298\u2014LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> = 0.521 and LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 0.309\u2014LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> = 0.646, respectively). Both formulations showed time- and dose-dependent effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study suggested the potent scolicidal activities of Eug and Eug-NE as promising alternative scolicidal agents. Future studies are recommended to explore the mechanism of action and treatment response <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T18:37:30Z","timestamp":1636655850000},"page":"e0259290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria Naged","family":"Maurice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas Abdelhameed Mahmoud","family":"Huseein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed El-Salahy M. M.","family":"Monib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahd M.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader Ibrahim","family":"Namazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-3122","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alzahraa Abdelraouf","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259290.ref001","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effect of Some Plants Extracts on the Viability of Protoscoleces in Vitro.","volume":"22","author":"T Tuhfa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tikrit J Pure Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref002","article-title":"First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases: working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"172","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"InFirst WHO Rep neglected Trop Dis Work to overcome Glob impact neglected Trop Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pone.0259290.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.030","article-title":"Present situation of echinococcosis in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa","volume":"55","author":"SM Sadjjadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.12.002","article-title":"Proteomic investigation of human cystic echinococcosis in the liver","volume":"211","author":"R Longuesp\u00e9e","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-020-03114-y","article-title":"Main compounds and in vitro effectiveness of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on protoscoleces of hydatid cyst.","volume":"29","author":"SMA Selles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.01.038","article-title":"Antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of Punica granatum peel aqueous extract in a murine model of echinococcosis","volume":"9","author":"M Labsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02420-15","article-title":"Cystic Echinococcosis.","volume":"54","author":"NI Higuita","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.012","article-title":"Chemical composition, efficacy and safety of Pistacia vera (var. Fandoghi) to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst surgery.","volume":"82","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0600-x","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of Allium sativum on serum nitric oxide level and hepatic histopathology in experimental cystic echinococcosis in mice","volume":"40","author":"NM Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref010","article-title":"Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment.","author":"Z.S. Pawlowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"WHO\/OIE Man echinococcosis humans Anim"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.037","article-title":"Echinococcosis: a review","volume":"13","author":"P Moro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref012","first-page":"145","article-title":"Benzimidazoles for the treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: What is the consensus?","volume":"20097","author":"DA Vuitton","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. Mar"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.013","article-title":"Natural products applied against hydatid cyst protoscolices: A review of past to present","volume":"176","author":"MH Kohansal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref014","first-page":"59","article-title":"Antiprotoscolices effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale against Echinococcus granulosus invitro and invivo.","volume":"2","author":"NN Baqer","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.01.002","article-title":"Anthelminthic treatment: an adjuvant therapeutic strategy against Echinococcus granulosus","volume":"58","author":"M Stamatakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00217-6","article-title":"Benzimidazole treatment of cystic echinococcosis","volume":"85","author":"J El-On","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105050","article-title":"A preventive effect of the combination of albendazole and pomegranate peel aqueous extract treatment in cystic echinococcosis mice model: An alternative approach","volume":"197","author":"M Labsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.04.025","article-title":"Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane.","volume":"130","author":"KP Devi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3358","article-title":"In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets.","volume":"88","author":"Joris Michiels","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sci ofFood Agric"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020202","article-title":"Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities","volume":"10","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref021","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Comparative antihelmintic activity of Eugenia carophyllus and Uncaria gambier.","volume":"3","author":"MY Sonalkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.044","article-title":"Antitermitic and antifungal activities of eugenol and its congeners from the flower buds of Syzgium aromaticum (clove).","volume":"77","author":"Y Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref023","first-page":"57","article-title":"In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Ferula asafoetida, Syzygium aromaticum and their active components against Fasciola gigantica.","volume":"4","author":"P Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref024","first-page":"223","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity of the phytochemical eugenol against the fish parasite Gyrodactylus sp. and acute toxicity in Daphnia pulex.","volume":"9","author":"FJ Sutili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Panam J Aquat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00253-4","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus","volume":"109","author":"L Pessoa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S196544","article-title":"Eugenol, a potential schistosomicidal agent with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against Schistosoma mansoni, induced liver pathology","volume":"12","author":"AM El-kady","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.01.011","article-title":"Anti-Giardia activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and eugenol: effects on growth, viability, adherence and ultrastructure","volume":"127","author":"M Machado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.12067134","article-title":"The biological activities of 20 nature identical essential oil constituents","volume":"18","author":"RL Van Zyl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Essent Oil Res"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.018","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Activity of essential oils from Achillea millefolium L., Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes","volume":"116","author":"GF Santoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref030","first-page":"99","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of Eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum","volume":"55","author":"JA Morgado-D\u00edaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652012000400021","article-title":"Essential oil of Mitracarpus frigidus as a potent source of bioactive compounds","volume":"84","author":"RL Fabri","year":"2012","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.009290-0","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic effect of the landrace Bangla Mahoba of Piper betle on Leishmania donovani may be due to the high content of eugenol","volume":"58","author":"P Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(01)00042-X","article-title":"Insecticidal properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).","volume":"38","author":"Shuit-Hung Yan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Stored Prod Res"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.12.012","article-title":"The acaricidal activity and mechanism of eugenol on Psoroptes cuniculi","volume":"266","author":"W Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107291","article-title":"Synergic effect of eugenol oleate with amphotericin B augments anti-leishmanial immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"91","author":"A Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps31839","article-title":"Synthesis of New Hybrid Derivatives from Metronidazole and Eugenol Analogues as Trypanocidal Agents","volume":"24","author":"MF Pelozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020042","article-title":"Nanoemulsions of Essential Oils: New Tool for Control of Vector-Borne Diseases and In Vitro Effectson Some Parasitic Agents.","volume":"6","author":"Echeverr\u00eda Javier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.051","article-title":"Antimicrobial eugenol nanoemulsion prepared by gum arabic and lecithin and evaluation of drying technologies","volume":"87","author":"Q Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-014-0398-y","article-title":"Eugenol oil nanoemulsion: antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and phytotoxicity on cottonseeds.","volume":"5","author":"KA Abd-Elsalam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref040","first-page":"153","article-title":"Nanoemulsions based on thymol-eugenol mixtures: characterization, stability and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti.","volume":"73","author":"A Lucia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull Insectology."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.3.255","article-title":"In vitro effects of some herbs used in Egyptian traditional medicine on viability of protoscolices of hydatid cysts","volume":"49","author":"DA Yones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119564","article-title":"Eugenol: A Phyto-Compound Effective against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin- Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strain Biofilms.","volume":"10","author":"MK Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref043","first-page":"225","article-title":"Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system: A review.","author":"M Kumar","journal-title":"Preventive Nutrition and Food Science"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2015.1078353","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol nanoemulsion as a topical delivery system.","volume":"21","author":"S Rajabnezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.12.020","article-title":"Alteration of immune functions and Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance in nicotine-induced murine macrophages: immunomodulatory role of eugenol and N-acetylcysteine","volume":"11","author":"S Kar Mahapatra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2807-1","article-title":"Lethal effects of gold nanoparticles on protoscolices of hydatid cyst: in vitro study.","volume":"28","author":"S Napooni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00054-8","article-title":"Scolicidal Effects of Chitosan\u2013Curcumin Nanoparticles on the Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices.","volume":"64","author":"S Napooni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.05.009","article-title":"In vitro study of the scolicidal effects of Echinometra mathaei spine and shell extracts on hydatid cyst protoscolices","volume":"203","author":"A Navvabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref049","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of 3 \u2011 bromopyruvate against Echinococcus metacestodes","author":"Q Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","article-title":"Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems.","volume":"10","author":"M Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref051","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physico-chemical properties, cytotoxic, haemolytic and antioxidant activities.","author":"Nagaraju Pramod G","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref052","article-title":"Unveiling the compatibility of eugenol with formulation excipients by systematic drug-excipient compatibility studies","author":"K Pramod","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anal Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Vuitton, Dominique Ang\u00e8le WP for the W-I. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"E Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.112","article-title":"Use of albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone, and combined solutions as scolicidal agents on hydatid cysts (in vitro study).","volume":"15","author":"G Adas","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref055","first-page":"23","article-title":"Scolicidal effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against hydatid cyst protoscolices in vitro.","volume":"4","author":"R Norouzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine Res J"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref056","first-page":"231","article-title":"Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans.","volume":"74","author":"Echinococcosis WIWG on","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull World Heal Organ"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref057","first-page":"399","article-title":"Scolicidal effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against protoscolices of hydatid cysts.","volume":"12","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.08.030","article-title":"Eugenol derived immunomodulatory molecules against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"139","author":"AB Velappan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.025","article-title":"In vitro lethal effect of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil on hydatid cyst protoscoleces.","volume":"187","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.6.653","article-title":"Scolicidal effects of black cumin seed (nigella sativa) essential oil on hydatid cysts.","volume":"52","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60107-5","article-title":"In vitro scolicidal effect of Satureja khuzistanica (Jamzad) essential oil.","volume":"2","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2015.1088601","article-title":"Efficacy of Myrtus communis L. to Inactivate the Hydatid Cyst Protoscoleces.","volume":"29","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Investig Surg."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2527-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa essential oil to inactivate hydatid cyst protoscoleces","volume":"19","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2019.01.002","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the protoscolicidal effect of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil on protoscolices of hydatid cyst compared with hypertonic saline, povidone iodine and silver nitrate.","volume":"156","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Visc Surg"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.06.003","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antihydatid activity of a nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil","volume":"114","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04765-8","article-title":"Effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on the germinative cells of Echinococcus granulosus.","volume":"14","author":"N Kowsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.013","article-title":"Could beta-myrcene be an alternative to albendazole for the treatment of experimental cystic echinococcosis?","volume":"187","author":"J Fabbri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref068","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Efficacy of Essential Oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on Echinococcus granulosus","author":"PE Pensel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01193-w","article-title":"Antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil nano- emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus.","volume":"44","author":"M Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis."},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref070","first-page":"214","article-title":"The Lethal Effect of a Nano Emulsion of Satureja hortensis Essential Oil on Protoscoleces and Germinal Layer of Hydatid Cysts","volume":"14","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S228538","article-title":"Scolicidal Effects of Nanoparticles Against Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices in vitro.","volume":"15","author":"R Norouzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8291-8","article-title":"Green chemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using Penicillium aculeatum and their scolicidal activity against hydatid cyst protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus.","volume":"24","author":"H Barabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.05.043","article-title":"Scolicidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices.","volume":"19","author":"MT Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0636465","article-title":"Membrane Toxicity of Antimicrobial Compounds from Essential Oils.","volume":"55","author":"R Di Pasqua","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Agric food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00012","article-title":"Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components.","volume":"3","author":"M Hyldgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.04.079","article-title":"Oil-in-water nanoemulsions for pesticide formulations","volume":"314","author":"L Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001","article-title":"Design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems of natural antimicrobials: Effect of the emulsifier","volume":"159","author":"F Dons\u00ec","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.01.012","article-title":"Influence of surfactant and oil composition on the stability and antibacterial activity of eugenol nanoemulsions.","volume":"62","author":"W Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.015","article-title":"Bactericidal action mechanism of negatively charged food grade clove oil nanoemulsions","volume":"197","author":"H Majeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005011","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic Potential of Eugenol Emulsion in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.","volume":"10","author":"M Islamuddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259290.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.10.034","article-title":"Eugenol-loaded antimicrobial nanoemulsion preserves fruit juice against, microbial spoilage.","volume":"114","author":"V Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T18:38:50Z","timestamp":1636655930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259290"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shawky M.","family":"Aboelhadid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]}}}