{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:33Z","timestamp":1787022093364,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"national institute of food and agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-05035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-05035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-6040-8-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6040-8-034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    control strategies include vaccines that help reduce the spread of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in poultry flocks. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of administering a live\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine followed by a killed\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) vaccine booster on the cellular and humoral immunity of broilers. The CNP vaccine was synthesized with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis) outer-membrane-proteins (OMPs) and flagellin-proteins. At d1-of-age, one-hundred-sixty-eight chicks were allocated into treatments: 1) No vaccine, 2) Live vaccine (Poulvac\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ST), 3) CNP vaccine, 4) Live+CNP vaccine. At d1-of-age, birds were orally vaccinated with PBS, Live vaccine, or CNP. At d7-of-age, the No vaccine, Live vaccine and CNP vaccine groups were boosted with PBS and the Live+CNP vaccine group was boosted with CNP. At d14-of-age, birds were challenged with 1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/bird\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis. There were no significant differences in body-weight-gain (BWG) or feed-conversion-ratio (FCR). At 8h-post-challenge, CNP and Live+CNP-vaccinated birds had 17% and 24% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    OMPs IgA in bile, respectively, compared to control. At d28-of-age, CNP, Live, and Live+CNP-vaccinated birds had 33%, 18%, and 24% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    OMPs IgA in bile, respectively, compared to control. At d14-of-age, Live+CNP-vaccinated birds had 46% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    OMPs IgY in serum, compared to control. At d21-of-age, splenocytes from CNP and Live-vaccinated birds had increased (P&lt;0.05) T-lymphocyte proliferation at 0.02 mg\/mL OMPs stimulation compared to the control. At d28-of-age, CNP and Live+CNP-vaccinated birds had 0.9 Log10 CFU\/g and 1 Log10 CFU\/g decreased\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis cecal loads (P&lt;0.05), respectively, compared to control. The CNP vaccine does not have adverse effects on bird\u2019s BWG and FCR or IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, or iNOS mRNA expression levels. It can be concluded that the CNP vaccine, as a first dose or as a booster vaccination, is an alternative vaccine candidate against\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis in broilers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T13:24:55Z","timestamp":1637069095000},"page":"e0259334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Salmonella chitosan nanoparticle vaccine administration is protective against Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler birds"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4164-7658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keila Y.","family":"Acevedo-Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar","family":"Renu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-6902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Revathi","family":"Shanmugasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel O.","family":"Akerele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renukaradhy J.","family":"Gourapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh K.","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259334.ref001","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United states-Unspecified agents","author":"E Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/520179","article-title":"Salmonella enterica: Survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars","author":"A Andino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref003","article-title":"Comparison of mucosal competitive exclusion and competitive exclusion treatment to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. colonization in broiler chickens","author":"NJ Stern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref004","article-title":"Challenges in vaccinating layer hens against salmonella typhimurium","author":"S Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref005","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","author":"K Abbas Abul","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref006","author":"KY Acevedo-villanueva","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Novel Approach against Salmonella: A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers"},{"key":"pone.0259334.ref007","unstructured":"Bruce Stewart-Brown. 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