{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:49:55Z","timestamp":1767181795042,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005001","name":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(Grant code: 99S40)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(Grant code: 99S40)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The drug resistance is expected to be the most important challenge in infection control in Iran, where there is no local report or standard drug resistance monitoring system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified on the basis of conventional culture and biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates against antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among total 1156 collected positive samples,\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coli<\/jats:italic>\n and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most frequent pathogenic gram negative bacteria (GNB) and gram positive bacteria (GPB) respectively. Drug susceptibility testing revealed that among GNB,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n was 100% resistant to amikacin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In the case of\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coli<\/jats:italic>\n , the resistance rate was (98%) for trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and cefepime. For GPB,\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aureus<\/jats:italic>\n showed the highest resistance rates to amikacin (100%) and clindamycin (100%). In addition, CoNS strains showed a high level of resistance to doxycycline (100%), erythromycin (100%) and cefoxitin (97%). In\n Bacteroeides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, the highest resistance rate belonged to clindamycin (72%), and\n Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n strains showed high level of resistance to penicillin (46%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The results highlighted that there are distinct factors leading to antimicrobial resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. The primary contributors to the resistance development, include poor surveillance of drug-resistant infections, poor quality of available antibiotics, clinical misuse, and the ease of access to antibiotics. Moreover, similar factors such as self-medication and the lack of regulation on medication imports play a role in antibiotic resistance in the region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T13:48:13Z","timestamp":1636465693000},"page":"e0259512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Study of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in a referral center, Southwest Iran: A three year cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Ahmadkhosravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azar Dokht","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3947-146X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aram","family":"Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hashemzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Saki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Jahangiri","family":"Mehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farokh","family":"Izadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259512.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4210-1","article-title":"The burden of antimicrobial resistance at tertiary care hospital, southern Ethiopia: a three years\u2019 retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"T Alemayehu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0259512.ref002","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Epidemiology of mecA-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"E Askari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian journal of basic medical sciences"},{"key":"pone.0259512.ref003","volume-title":"Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0259512.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234610","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: implications and costs","volume":"12","author":"P Dadgostar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0259512.ref005","first-page":"2021","article-title":"The Molecular Epidemiology of Resistance to Antibiotics among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Azerbaijan","volume":"14","author":"M Kashefieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. 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