{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:08:13Z","timestamp":1792001293650,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study is designed to discuss the antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and biofilm formation capacity of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis in Qena, Egypt. The obtained isolates were identified by the VITEK2 system and 16S rDNA sequencing as <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>faecalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>faecium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>casseliflavus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hirae<\/jats:italic>. Overall, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>faecium<\/jats:italic> were the dominant species recovered from mastitic milk samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility test evidenced multidrug resistance of the isolates against the following antimicrobials: oxacillin (89.2.%), followed by vancomycin (75.7%) and linezolid (70.3%). Also, most of these isolates (73%) could form biofilms. For example, 18.9% of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> strains formed strong biofilm, whereas 32.4% of isolates formed moderate biofilm and 21.6% of isolates formed weak biofilm. The most prevalent resistance genes found in our isolates were <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic> (54%), <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> (40%), <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> (51.4%), <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic> (13.5%) and <jats:italic>optrA<\/jats:italic> (10.8%). Moreover, <jats:italic>asa1<\/jats:italic> (37.8%), <jats:italic>cylA<\/jats:italic> (42.3%), <jats:italic>gelE<\/jats:italic> (78.4%), <jats:italic>esp<\/jats:italic> (32.4%), <jats:italic>EF3314<\/jats:italic>(48.6%) and <jats:italic>ace<\/jats:italic> (75.5%) were the most common virulence genes. A significant correlation was found between biofilm formation, multidrug resistance and virulence genes of the isolates. This study highlights several aspects of virulence and harmfulness of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from subclinical mastitic milk, which necessitates continuous inspection and monitoring of dairy animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T18:41:42Z","timestamp":1637001702000},"page":"e0259584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation in Enterococcus species isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-3732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mona A.","family":"El-Zamkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hams M. 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